Abstract: In various examples, systems and methods are disclosed that provide highly accurate gaze predictions that are specific to a particular user by generating and applying, in deployment, personalized calibration functions to outputs and/or layers of a machine learning model. The calibration functions corresponding to a specific user may operate on outputs (e.g., gaze predictions from a machine learning model) to provide updated values and gaze predictions. The calibration functions may also be applied one or more last layers of the machine learning model to operate on features identified by the model and provide values that are more accurate. The calibration functions may be generated using explicit calibration methods by instructing users to gaze at a number of identified ground truth locations within the interior of the vehicle. Once generated, the calibration functions may be modified or refined through implicit gaze calibration points and/or regions based on gaze saliency maps.

Abstract: Systems and methods for more accurate and robust determination of subject characteristics from an image of the subject. One or more machine learning models receive as input an image of a subject, and output both facial landmarks and associated confidence values. Confidence values represent the degrees to which portions of the subject's face corresponding to those landmarks are occluded, i.e., the amount of uncertainty in the position of each landmark location. These landmark points and their associated confidence values, and/or associated information, may then be input to another set of one or more machine learning models which may output any facial analysis quantity or quantities, such as the subject's gaze direction, head pose, drowsiness state, cognitive load, or distraction state.

Abstract: In various examples, systems and methods are disclosed that provide highly accurate gaze predictions that are specific to a particular user by generating and applying, in deployment, personalized calibration functions to outputs and/or layers of a machine learning model. The calibration functions corresponding to a specific user may operate on outputs (e.g., gaze predictions from a machine learning model) to provide updated values and gaze predictions. The calibration functions may also be applied one or more last layers of the machine learning model to operate on features identified by the model and provide values that are more accurate. The calibration functions may be generated using explicit calibration methods by instructing users to gaze at a number of identified ground truth locations within the interior of the vehicle. Once generated, the calibration functions may be modified or refined through implicit gaze calibration points and/or regions based on gaze saliency maps.

Abstract: Machine learning systems and methods that learn glare, and thus determine gaze direction in a manner more resilient to the effects of glare on input images. The machine learning systems have an isolated representation of glare, e.g., information on the locations of glare points in an image, as an explicit input, in addition to the image itself. In this manner, the machine learning systems explicitly consider glare while making a determination of gaze direction, thus producing more accurate results for images containing glare.

Abstract: A machine learning model (MLM) may be trained and evaluated. Attribute-based performance metrics may be analyzed to identify attributes for which the MLM is performing below a threshold when each are present in a sample. A generative neural network (GNN) may be used to generate samples including compositions of the attributes, and the samples may be used to augment the data used to train the MLM. This may be repeated until one or more criteria are satisfied. In various examples, a temporal sequence of data items, such as frames of a video, may be generated which may form samples of the data set. Sets of attribute values may be determined based on one or more temporal scenarios to be represented in the data set, and one or more GNNs may be used to generate the sequence to depict information corresponding to the attribute values.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining the gaze direction of a subject and projecting this gaze direction onto specific regions of an arbitrary three-dimensional geometry. In an exemplary embodiment, gaze direction may be determined by a regression-based machine learning model. The determined gaze direction is then projected onto a three-dimensional map or set of surfaces that may represent any desired object or system. Maps may represent any three-dimensional layout or geometry, whether actual or virtual. Gaze vectors can thus be used to determine the object of gaze within any environment. Systems can also readily and efficiently adapt for use in different environments by retrieving a different set of surfaces or regions for each environment.

Abstract: In various examples, an adaptive eye tracking machine learning model engine (“adaptive-model engine”) for an eye tracking system is described. The adaptive-model engine may include an eye tracking or gaze tracking development pipeline (“adaptive-model training pipeline”) that supports collecting data, training, optimizing, and deploying an adaptive eye tracking model that is a customized eye tracking model based on a set of features of an identified deployment environment. The adaptive-model engine supports ensembling the adaptive eye tracking model that may be trained on gaze vector estimation in surround environments and ensemble based on a plurality of eye tracking variant models and a plurality of facial landmark neural network metrics.

Abstract: Machine learning systems and methods that determine gaze direction by using face orientation information, such as facial landmarks, to modify eye direction information determined from images of the subject’s eyes. System inputs include eye crops of the eyes of the subject, as well as face orientation information such as facial landmarks of the subject’s face in the input image. Facial orientation information, or facial landmark information, is used to determine a coarse prediction of gaze direction as well as to learn a context vector of features describing subject face pose. The context vector is then used to adaptively re-weight the eye direction features determined from the eye crops. The re-weighted features are then combined with the coarse gaze prediction to determine gaze direction.

Abstract: In various examples, a background of an object may be modified to generate a training image. A segmentation mask may be generated and used to generate an object image that includes image data representing the object. The object image may be integrated into a different background and used for data augmentation in training a neural network. Data augmentation may also be performed using hue adjustment (e.g., of the object image) and/or rendering three-dimensional capture data that corresponds to the object from selected views. Inference scores may be analyzed to select a background for an image to be included in a training dataset. Backgrounds may be selected and training images may be added to a training dataset iteratively during training (e.g., between epochs). Additionally, early or late fusion nay be employed that uses object mask data to improve inferencing performed by a neural network trained using object mask data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining the gaze direction of a subject and projecting this gaze direction onto specific regions of an arbitrary three-dimensional geometry. In an exemplary embodiment, gaze direction may be determined by a regression-based machine learning model. The determined gaze direction is then projected onto a three-dimensional map or set of surfaces that may represent any desired object or system. Maps may represent any three-dimensional layout or geometry, whether actual or virtual. Gaze vectors can thus be used to determine the object of gaze within any environment. Systems can also readily and efficiently adapt for use in different environments by retrieving a different set of surfaces or regions for each environment.

Abstract: Machine learning systems and methods that determine gaze direction by using face orientation information, such as facial landmarks, to modify eye direction information determined from images of the subject's eyes. System inputs include eye crops of the eyes of the subject, as well as face orientation information such as facial landmarks of the subject's face in the input image. Facial orientation information, or facial landmark information, is used to determine a coarse prediction of gaze direction as well as to learn a context vector of features describing subject face pose. The context vector is then used to adaptively re-weight the eye direction features determined from the eye crops. The re-weighted features are then combined with the coarse gaze prediction to determine gaze direction.

Abstract: Systems and methods for more accurate and robust determination of subject characteristics from an image of the subject. One or more machine learning models receive as input an image of a subject, and output both facial landmarks and associated confidence values. Confidence values represent the degrees to which portions of the subject's face corresponding to those landmarks are occluded, i.e., the amount of uncertainty in the position of each landmark location. These landmark points and their associated confidence values, and/or associated information, may then be input to another set of one or more machine learning models which may output any facial analysis quantity or quantities, such as the subject's gaze direction, head pose, drowsiness state, cognitive load, or distraction state.

Abstract: Interactions with virtual systems may be difficult when users inadvertently fail to provide sufficient information to proceed with their requests. Certain types of inputs, such as auditory inputs, may lack sufficient information to properly provide a response to the user. Additional information, such as image data, may enable user gestures or poses to supplement the auditory inputs to enable response generation without requesting additional information from users.

Abstract: In various examples, an adaptive eye tracking machine learning model engine (“adaptive-model engine”) for an eye tracking system is described. The adaptive-model engine may include an eye tracking or gaze tracking development pipeline (“adaptive-model training pipeline”) that supports collecting data, training, optimizing, and deploying an adaptive eye tracking model that is a customized eye tracking model based on a set of features of an identified deployment environment. The adaptive-model engine supports ensembling the adaptive eye tracking model that may be trained on gaze vector estimation in surround environments and ensemble based on a plurality of eye tracking variant models and a plurality of facial landmark neural network metrics.

Abstract: Systems and methods for more accurate and robust determination of subject characteristics from an image of the subject. One or more machine learning models receive as input an image of a subject, and output both facial landmarks and associated confidence values. Confidence values represent the degrees to which portions of the subject's face corresponding to those landmarks are occluded, i.e., the amount of uncertainty in the position of each landmark location. These landmark points and their associated confidence values, and/or associated information, may then be input to another set of one or more machine learning models which may output any facial analysis quantity or quantities, such as the subject's gaze direction, head pose, drowsiness state, cognitive load, or distraction state.

Abstract: In various examples, systems and methods are disclosed that provide highly accurate gaze predictions that are specific to a particular user by generating and applying, in deployment, personalized calibration functions to outputs and/or layers of a machine learning model. The calibration functions corresponding to a specific user may operate on outputs (e.g., gaze predictions from a machine learning model) to provide updated values and gaze predictions. The calibration functions may also be applied one or more last layers of the machine learning model to operate on features identified by the model and provide values that are more accurate. The calibration functions may be generated using explicit calibration methods by instructing users to gaze at a number of identified ground truth locations within the interior of the vehicle. Once generated, the calibration functions may be modified or refined through implicit gaze calibration points and/or regions based on gaze saliency maps.

Abstract: Machine learning systems and methods that learn glare, and thus determine gaze direction in a manner more resilient to the effects of glare on input images. The machine learning systems have an isolated representation of glare, e.g., information on the locations of glare points in an image, as an explicit input, in addition to the image itself. In this manner, the machine learning systems explicitly consider glare while making a determination of gaze direction, thus producing more accurate results for images containing glare.

Abstract: Machine learning systems and methods that learn glare, and thus determine gaze direction in a manner more resilient to the effects of glare on input images. The machine learning systems have an isolated representation of glare, e.g., information on the locations of glare points in an image, as an explicit input, in addition to the image itself. In this manner, the machine learning systems explicitly consider glare while making a determination of gaze direction, thus producing more accurate results for images containing glare.

Abstract: In various examples, a background of an object may be modified to generate a training image. A segmentation mask may be generated and used to generate an object image that includes image data representing the object. The object image may be integrated into a different background and used for data augmentation in training a neural network. Data augmentation may also be performed using hue adjustment (e.g., of the object image) and/or rendering three-dimensional capture data that corresponds to the object from selected views. Inference scores may be analyzed to select a background for an image to be included in a training dataset. Backgrounds may be selected and training images may be added to a training dataset iteratively during training (e.g., between epochs). Additionally, early or late fusion nay be employed that uses object mask data to improve inferencing performed by a neural network trained using object mask data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for more accurate and robust determination of subject characteristics from an image of the subject. One or more machine learning models receive as input an image of a subject, and output both facial landmarks and associated confidence values. Confidence values represent the degrees to which portions of the subject's face corresponding to those landmarks are occluded, i.e., the amount of uncertainty in the position of each landmark location. These landmark points and their associated confidence values, and/or associated information, may then be input to another set of one or more machine learning models which may output any facial analysis quantity or quantities, such as the subject's gaze direction, head pose, drowsiness state, cognitive load, or distraction state.