Abstract: The invention relates, in part, to the improved analysis of carbohydrates. In particular, the invention relates to the analysis of carbohydrates, such as N-glycans and O-glycans found on proteins and saccharides attached to lipids. Improved methods, therefore, for the study of glycosylation patterns on cells, tissue and body fluids are also provided. Information from the analysis of glycans, such as the glycosylation patterns on cells, tissues and in body fluids, can be used in diagnostic and treatment methods as well as for facilitating the study of the effects of glycosylation/altered glycosylation. Such methods are also provided. Methods are further provided to assess production processes, to assess the purity of samples containing glycoconjugates, and to select glycoconjugates with the desired glycosylation.

Abstract: The invention relates, in part, to the improved analysis of carbohydrates. In particular, the invention relates to the analysis of carbohydrates, such as N-glycans and O-glycans found on proteins and saccharides attached to lipids. Improved methods, therefore, for the study of glycosylation patterns on cells, tissue and body fluids are also provided. Information from the analysis of glycans, such as the glycosylation patterns on cells, tissues and in body fluids, can be used in diagnostic and treatment methods as well as for facilitating the study of the effects of glycosylation/altered glycosylation. Such methods are also provided. Methods are further provided to assess production processes, to assess the purity of samples containing glycoconjugates, and to select glycoconjugates with the desired glycosylation.

Abstract: The invention relates, in part, to the improved analysis of carbohydrates. In particular, the invention relates to the analysis of carbohydrates, such as N-glycans and O-glycans found on proteins. Improved methods, therefore, for the study of glycosylation patterns on cells, tissue and body fluids are also provided. Information regarding the analysis of glycans, such as the glycosylation patterns on cells, tissues and in body fluids, can be used in diagnostic and treatment methods as well as for facilitating the study of the effects of glycosylation/altered glycosylation on protein function. Such methods are also provided. Methods are also provided to assess protein production processes, to assess the purity of proteins produced, and to select proteins with the desired glycosylation.

Abstract: The invention relates, in part, to the improved analysis of carbohydrates. In particular, the invention relates to the analysis of carbohydrates, such as N-glycans and O-glycans found on proteins and saccharides attached to lipids. Improved methods, therefore, for the study of glycosylation patterns on cells, tissue and body fluids are also provided. Information from the analysis of glycans, such as the glycosylation patterns on cells, tissues and in body fluids, can be used in diagnostic and treatment methods as well as for facilitating the study of the effects of glycosylation/altered glycosylation. Such methods are also provided. Methods are further provided to assess production processes, to assess the purity of samples containing glycoconjugates, and to select glycoconjugates with the desired glycosylation.

Abstract: The invention relates, in part, to the improved analysis of carbohydrates. In particular, the invention relates to the analysis of carbohydrates, such as N-glycans and O-glycans found on proteins. Improved methods, therefore, for the study of glycosylation patterns on cells, tissue and body fluids are also provided. Information regarding the analysis of glycans, such as the glycosylation patterns on cells, tissues and in body fluids, can be used in diagnostic and treatment methods as well as for facilitating the study of the effects of glycosylation/altered glycosylation on protein function. Such methods are also provided. Methods are also provided to assess protein production processes, to assess the purity of proteins produced, and to select proteins with the desired glycosylation.

Abstract: This invention relates, in part, to methods and compositions that modulate the stem cell environment. More specifically, the invention relates, in part, to methods and compositions for modulating stem cell differentiation. Therefore, methods and compositions are provided for modulating glycosaminoglycan moieties, e.g., heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HSGAG) moieties, in the microenvironment of stem cells. Methods and compositions for promoting or inhibiting embryonic stem cell differentiation (e.g., differentiation into endothelial cells) are also provided. This invention also relates, therefore, in part, to cell populations (e.g., endothelial cell populations or impoverished endothelial cell populations) that can be produced with the methods and compositions provided. Furthermore, the invention relates, in part, to tissues, and uses thereof, formed by the methods and compositions provided. Moreover, the invention also relates, in part, to methods of treatment using the methods and compositions provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of identifying and characterizing properties of polymers to provide information about the polymer such as the charge of the polymer, the number and types or characteristics of units of the polymer and the sequence of the polymers. The invention also relates to methods of sequencing polymers such as nucleic acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides and methods for identifying a polysaccharide-protein interaction.

Abstract: A data structure, tangibly embodied in a computer-readable medium, representing a polymer of chemical units is disclosed. The data structure includes an identifier including a plurality of fields for storing values corresponding to properties of the polymer. The polymer may, for example, be a polysaccharide and the chemical units may be saccharides. Also disclosed is a computer-implemented method for determining whether properties of a query sequence of chemical units match properties of a polymer of chemical units. The query sequence is represented by a first data structure, and the polymer is represented by a second data structure, each are tangibly embodied in a computer-readable medium, including an identifier including a plurality of bit fields for storing values corresponding to properties of the query sequence and polymer, respectively. The invention also involves a notational system referred to as Property Encoded Nomenclature.

Abstract: A data structure, tangibly embodied in a computer-readable medium, representing a polymer of chemical units is disclosed. The data structure includes an identifier including a plurality of fields for storing values corresponding to properties of the polymer. The polymer may, for example, be a polysaccharide and the chemical units may be saccharides. Also disclosed is a computer-implemented method for determining whether properties of a query sequence of chemical units match properties of a polymer of chemical units. The query sequence is represented by a first data structure, and the polymer is represented by a second data structure, each are tangibly embodied in a computer-readable medium, including an identifier including a plurality of bit fields for storing values corresponding to properties of the query sequence and polymer, respectively. The invention also involves a notational system referred to as Property Encoded Nomenclature.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of identifying and characterizing properties of polymers to provide information about the polymer such as the charge of the polymer, the number and types or characteristics of units of the polymer and the sequence of the polymers. The invention also relates to methods of sequencing polymers such as nucleic acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides and methods for identifying a polysaccharide-protein interaction.

Abstract: This invention relates, in part, to methods and compositions that modulate the stem cell environment. More specifically, the invention relates, in part, to methods and compositions for modulating stem cell differentiation. Such modulation, in some aspects of the invention, is accomplished by agents that modulate glycosaminoglycans in the stem cell microenvironment (i.e., at or on the cell surface and/or in the extracellular matrix). Therefore, methods and compositions are provide for modulating glycosaminoglycan moieties, e.g., heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HSGAG) moieties, in the microenvironment of stem cells. Methods and compositions for promoting or inhibiting embryonic stem cell differentiation (e.g., differentiation into endothelial cells) are also provided. This invention also relates, therefore, in part, to cell populations (e.g., endothelial cell populations or impoverished endothelial cell populations) that can be produced with the methods and compositions provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of identifying and characterizing properties of polymers to provide information about the polymer such as the charge of the polymer, the number and types or characteristics of units of the polymer and the sequence of the polymers. The invention also relates to methods of sequencing polymers such as nucleic acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides and methods for identifying a polysaccharide-protein interaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of identifying and characterizing properties of polymers to provide information about the polymer such as the charge of the polymer, the number and types or characteristics of units of the polymer and the sequence of the polymers. The invention also relates to methods of sequencing polymers such as nucleic acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides and methods for identifying a polysaccharide-protein interaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of identifying and characterizing properties of polymers to provide information about the polymer such as the charge of the polymer, the number and types or characteristics of units of the polymer and the sequence of the polymers. The invention also relates to methods of sequencing polymers such as nucleic acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides and methods for identifying a polysaccharide-protein interaction.

Abstract: The invention relates, in part, to the improved analysis of carbohydrates. In particular, the invention relates to the analysis of carbohydrates, such as N-glycans and O-glycans found on proteins and saccharides attached to lipids. Improved methods, therefore, for the study of glycosylation patterns on cells, tissue and body fluids are also provided. Information from the analysis of glycans, such as the glycosylation patterns on cells, tissues and in body fluids, can be used in diagnostic and treatment methods as well as for facilitating the study of the effects of glycosylation/altered glycosylation. Such methods are also provided. Methods are further provided to assess production processes, to assess the purity of samples containing glycoconjugates, and to select glycoconjugates with the desired glycosylation.

Abstract: The invention relates, in part, to the improved analysis of carbohydrates. In particular, the invention relates to the analysis of carbohydrates, such as N-glycans and O-glycans found on proteins. Improved methods, therefore, for the study of glycosylation patterns on cells, tissue and body fluids are also provided. Information regarding the analysis of glycans, such as the glycosylation patterns on cells, tissues and in body fluids, can be used in diagnostic and treatment methods as well as for facilitating the study of the effects of glycosylation/altered glycosylation on protein function. Such methods are also provided. Methods are also provided to assess protein production processes, to assess the purity of proteins produced, and to select proteins with the desired glycosylation.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of identifying and characterizing properties of polymers to provide information about the polymer such as the charge of the polymer, the number and types or characteristics of units of the polymer and the sequence of the polymers. The invention also relates to methods of sequencing polymers such as nucleic acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides and methods for identifying a polysaccharide-protein interaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of identifying and characterizing properties of polymers to provide information about the polymer such as the charge of the polymer, the number and types or characteristics of units of the polymer and the sequence of the polymers. The invention also relates to methods of sequencing polymers such as nucleic acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides and methods for identifying a polysaccharide-protein interaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of identifying and characterizing properties of polymers to provide information about the polymer such as the charge of the polymer, the number and types or characteristics of units of the polymer and the sequence of the polymers. The invention also relates to methods of sequencing polymers such as nucleic acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides and methods for identifying a polysaccharide-protein interaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of identifying and characterizing properties of polymers to provide information about the polymer such as the charge of the polymer, the number and types or characteristics of units of the polymer and the sequence of the polymers. The invention also relates to methods of sequencing polymers such as nucleic acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides and methods for identifying a polysaccharide-protein interaction.