Abstract: Systems and methods are described which provide a combination of sensors and software to enhance the process of learning how to apply a junctional tourniquet to non-compressible hemorrhages, using a separate force sensing system, providing detailed feedback on the physical process of how the tourniquet was applied, and offering novel flexibility in application and sensing.

Abstract: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy sensor may include: a pliable substrate; a near infrared LED embedded in the pliable substrate; a red LED embedded in the pliable substrate; an optical detector embedded in the pliable substrate; a data storage device that receives and stores information derived from the optical detector and that is configured to attach to a head of a mammal or to an object that attaches to the head of mammal; and a source of electrical energy that powers the LEDs and the data storage device and that is configured to attach to a head of a mammal or to an object that attaches to the head of mammal.