Abstract: A transdermal antenna may be partially inserted into a cavity in the body of a mammal to receive wireless data transmissions from devices located within the body and relay the data to devices located outside of the body. The transdermal antenna may include a first antenna which may be inserted inside of the body cavity and receive radio frequency data transmissions from devices located inside the body. The transdermal antenna may conduct the received data transmissions to a relay mechanism located outside of the body using coaxial cables, waveguides or a combination of both. The relay mechanism may relay the conducted data transmissions to a receiver device located outside of the body by using a wire connection, such as a coaxial cable, or a wireless communication link via a transceiver coupled to a second antenna.

Abstract: An antenna is described. The antenna includes a planar circular structure. The antenna also includes a radiating element located at the center of the planar circular structure. The antenna further includes one or more parasitic elements located on a contour around the radiating element. The parasitic elements are aligned in parallel direction with the radiating element. The parasitic elements protrude from the planar circular structure. The antenna includes switches separating each of the one or more parasitic elements from ground. A switch in a first position creates a short between a parasitic element and ground. A switch in a second position creates an open circuit between the parasitic element and ground.

Abstract: Providing an inter-femto Base Station (fBS) network to facilitate low interference, low power cellular access utilizing two or more fBSs is provided herein. For example, a group of fBSs can be inter-connected by a wired and/or wireless communication network. Multiple fBSs then can link with a mobile device and coordinate cellular traffic amongst the fBS network to facilitate hand-off related communication. Additionally, cellular traffic can be forwarded from one or more fBSs to an appropriate fBS designated to carry cellular traffic for each mobile device. Furthermore, by inter-connecting multiple fBSs, multi-base station cellular-type hand-off can be supported by the fBS network, while preserving predetermined cellular interface constraints associated with such mobile devices.

Abstract: A system and method for determining the location of a re-deployable base station is disclosed. The disclosed system and method allow for accurate determination of the location of a re-deployable base station, such as a femto base station (FBS), using position information obtained from a mobile station (MS) that is communicating with the FBS being located. The position information can include the location of the mobile device as estimated using one or more satellite positioning systems or cellular network based positioning systems. The position information can also include data identifying pilots from base stations and/or other FBS's that the MS is receiving. A determination of the propagation loss between the MS and the FBS is used to estimate the distance between the mobile device and the FBS. The location of the FBS is determined based on the received position information and the determined distance between the MS and the FBS.

Abstract: An antenna is described. The antenna includes a planar circular structure. The antenna also includes a radiating element located at the center of the planar circular structure. The antenna further includes one or more parasitic elements located on a contour around the radiating element. The parasitic elements are aligned in parallel direction with the radiating element. The parasitic elements protrude from the planar circular structure. The antenna includes switches separating each of the one or more parasitic elements from ground. A switch in a first position creates a short between a parasitic element and ground. A switch in a second position creates an open circuit between the parasitic element and ground.

Abstract: A transdermal antenna may be partially inserted into a cavity in the body of a mammal to receive wireless data transmissions from devices located within the body and relay the data to devices located outside of the body. The transdermal antenna may include a first antenna which may be inserted inside of the body cavity and receive radio frequency data transmissions from devices located inside the body. The transdermal antenna may conduct the received data transmissions to a relay mechanism located outside of the body using coaxial cables, waveguides or a combination of both. The relay mechanism may relay the conducted data transmissions to a receiver device located outside of the body by using a wire connection, such as a coaxial cable, or a wireless communication link via a transceiver coupled to a second antenna.

Abstract: An antenna is described. The antenna includes a planar circular structure. The antenna also includes a radiating element located at the center of the planar circular structure. The antenna further includes one or more parasitic elements located on a contour around the radiating element. The parasitic elements are aligned in parallel direction with the radiating element. The parasitic elements protrude from the planar circular structure. The antenna includes switches separating each of the one or more parasitic elements from ground. A switch in a first position creates a short between a parasitic element and ground. A switch in a second position creates an open circuit between the parasitic element and ground.

Abstract: A system and method for determining the location of a re-deployable base station is disclosed. The disclosed system and method allow for accurate determination of the location of a re-deployable base station, such as a femto base station (FBS), using position information obtained from a mobile station (MS) that is communicating with the FBS being located. The position information can include the location of the mobile device as estimated using one or more satellite positioning systems or cellular network based positioning systems. The position information can also include data identifying pilots from base stations and/or other FBS's that the MS is receiving. A determination of the propagation loss between the MS and the FBS is used to estimate the distance between the mobile device and the FBS. The location of the FBS is determined based on the received position information and the determined distance between the MS and the FBS.

Abstract: Providing an inter-femto Base Station (fBS) network to facilitate low interference, low power cellular access utilizing two or more fBSs is provided herein. For example, a group of fBSs can be inter-connected by a wired and/or wireless communication network. Multiple fBSs then can link with a mobile device and coordinate cellular traffic amongst the fBS network to facilitate hand-off related communication. Additionally, cellular traffic can be forwarded from one or more fBSs to an appropriate fBS designated to carry cellular traffic for each mobile device. Furthermore, by inter-connecting multiple fBSs, multi-base station cellular-type hand-off can be supported by the fBS network, while preserving predetermined cellular interface constraints associated with such mobile devices.

Abstract: Methods and systems for increasing the potential capacity of point to point communication between two sites within line of sight of each other are disclosed. Two antennas at each of the two sites are configured geometrically to approximately provide a desired value for a function of signal electrical phase differences so as to allow differentiation of transmitted signal. Capacity is thereby increased compared to a system with one antenna at each site.

Abstract: Methods and systems for increasing the potential capacity of point to point communication between two sites within line of sight of each other are disclosed. Two antennas at each of the two sites are configured geometrically to approximately provide a desired value for a function of signal electrical phase differences so as to allow differentiation of transmitted signals. Capacity is thereby increased compared to a system with one antenna at each site.

Abstract: A two-way low-power communication system for an electronic shelf label system uses a multiplicity of labels, each of which has an antenna and a diode. Data to be received at the label is Manchester encoded and 100% AM modulated onto a spread-spectrum RF signal, emitted from a broadcast antenna in the store ceiling. Preferably the RF is around 2.4 Ghz, and the spreading is via direct sequence phase shift keying with a chipping rate at least ten times the RF frequency. A 63-bit sequence may be used. The label detects the RF energy, and a simple comparator followed by a manchester decoder extrats the digital data stream. Data to be set from the label is communicated via a selective modulation of the diode with an offset signal, preferably in the range of 1 to 10.7 Mhz. During this time the ceiling broadcast antenna is emitting a spread-spectrum signal that is not data-modulated in any way.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for reducing interference in a radio communication link from a central site (230) to a mobile unit (228) in a cellular communication system. The central site (230) includes a first (202) and a second (216) antenna which serve the geographic region (214) in which the mobile unit (228) is located. The radio communication link may be provided by communicating a signal in a first radio communication channel between the first central site antenna (202) and the mobile unit (228). Similarly, the radio communication link may be provided by communicating a signal in a second radio communication channel between the second central site antenna (216) and the mobile unit (228). A measure of interference in the first radio communication channel providing the radio communication link is determined. The radio communication link is switched, in response to the measure of interference being above a predetermined threshold, from the first to the second radio communication channel.

Abstract: A multiple access communications system reuses a set of either N carrier frequencies or time slots in adjacent communications sites to provide more than N or T minimally cross-correlated frequency or time hopping communications channels respectively. A first set of communications channels is associated with a first of the communications sites. No two of the channels in the first set employ the same frequency or T time slots at the same time. A second set of communications channels is associated with a second of the adjacent communications sites. No two of the channels in the second set of channels employ the same one of the N carrier frequencies or T time slots at the same time. One or more sets of the minimally cross-correlated channels are further defined so that none of the channels in such sets employ the same frequency at the same time as more than a predetermined number of the channels in another of the sets of the minimally cross-correlated frequency-hopping communications channels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for reducing interference in a radio communication link from a central site (230) to a mobile unit (228) in a cellular communication system. The central site (230) includes a first (202) and a second (216) antenna which serve the geographic region (214) in which the mobile unit (228) is located. The radio communication link may be provided by communicating a signal in a first radio communication channel between the first central site antenna (202) and the mobile unit (228). Similarly, the radio communication link may be provided by communicating a signal in a second radio communication channel between the second central site antenna (216) and the mobile unit (228). A measure of interference in the first radio communication channel providing the radio communication link is determined. The radio communication link is switched, in response to the measure of interference being above a predetermined threshold, from the first to the second radio communication channel.

Abstract: A multiple access communications system reuses a set of N carrier frequencies in adjacent communications sites to provide more than N minimally cross-correlated frequency-hopping communications channels. A first set of communications channels is associated with a first of the communications sites. No two of the channels in the first set employ the same frequency at the same time. A second set of communications channels is associated with a second of the adjacent communications sites. No two of the channels in the second set of channels employ the same one of the N carrier frequencies at the same time. One or more sets of the minimally cross-correlated channels are further defined so that none of the channels in such sets employ the same frequency at the same time as more than a predetermined number of the channels in another of the sets of the minimally cross-correlated frequency-hopping communications channels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for reducing interference in a radio communication link from a central site (230) to a mobile unit (228) in a cellular communication system. The central site (230) includes a first (202) and a second (216) antenna which serve the geographic region (214) in which the mobile unit (228) is located. The radio communication link may be provided by communicating a signal in a first radio communication channel between the first central site antenna (202) and the mobile unit (228). Similarly, the radio communication link may be provided by communicating a signal in a second radio communication channel between the second central site antenna (216) and the mobile unit (228). A measure of interference in the first radio communication channel providing the radio communication link is determined. The radio communication link is switched, in response to the measure of interference being above a predetermined threshold, from the first to the second radio communication channel.

Abstract: A multiple access communications system reuses a set of N carrier frequencies in adjacent communications sites to provide more than N minimally cross-correlated frequency-hopping communications channels. A first set of communications channels is associated with a first of the communications sites. No two of the channels in the first set employ the same frequency at the same time. A second set of communications channels is associated with a second of the adjacent communications sites. No two of the channels in the second set of channels employ the same one of the N carrier frequencies at the same time. One or more sets of the minimally cross-correlated channels are further defined so that none of the channels in such sets employ the same frequency at the same time as more than a predetermined number of the channels in another of the sets of the minimally cross-correlated frequency-hopping communications channels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for improving detection of data bits in data samples (120) of a hop of a slow frequency hopping spread spectrum signal (112). In the detecting process, the carrier to interference (C/l) power ratio of the hop is estimated (124) by using the data samples (120) of the hop. Subsequently, a data bit (130) is detected by using the estimated C/l power ratio (126). The detection process (128) may include utilizing maximum likelihood decoding techniques to derive a data bit (130) from decision metrics and the estimated C/l power ratio (126). The decision metrics correspond to a measurement of the distance of data samples (120) from constellation points within a constellation space representing data samples (120) previously used to generate decision metrics. The detection process (128) also may include utilizing the estimated C/l power ratio (126) in combining data samples (120) of the hop as received from two or more diversity receiver branches.