Abstract: A thin film has a band gap of 2.2 eV or more and in which a crystal includes an atomic vacancy and an electron, a microwave irradiation system configured to irradiate the thin film with a microwave in response to driving from outside, an excitation unit configured to excite the electron included in the thin film in response to driving from outside, and a detector configured to detect, as an electric signal, at least either one of an intensity of light outputted from the thin film when the electron transitions from an excited state to a ground state and a change in conductivity of the thin film based on excitation.

Abstract: An optical device manufacturing apparatus includes an encapsulating device for encapsulating an optical semiconductor element mounted on a substrate by a liquid resin R in a lens shape, and a curing device for curing the liquid resin R, wherein the encapsulating device includes a dispenser capable of vertically moving a nozzle for supplying the liquid resin R, and brings the tip of the nozzle close to the optical semiconductor element and then supplies the liquid resin R while raising the nozzle. According to this optical device manufacturing apparatus, an optical device having the desired optical properties can be obtained promptly and easily.

Abstract: An optical device manufacturing apparatus includes an encapsulating device for encapsulating an optical semiconductor element mounted on a substrate by a liquid resin R in a lens shape, and a curing device for curing the liquid resin R, wherein the encapsulating device includes a dispenser capable of vertically moving a nozzle for supplying the liquid resin R, and brings the tip of the nozzle close to the optical semiconductor element and then supplies the liquid resin R while raising the nozzle. According to this optical device manufacturing apparatus, an optical device having the desired optical properties can be obtained promptly and easily.

Abstract: An optical device manufacturing apparatus includes an encapsulating device for encapsulating an optical semiconductor element 4 mounted on a substrate 2 by a liquid resin R in a lens shape, and a curing device for curing the liquid resin R, wherein the encapsulating device includes a dispenser capable of vertically moving a nozzle 25 for supplying the liquid resin R, and brings the tip of the nozzle 25 close to the optical semiconductor element 4 and then supplies the liquid resin R while raising the nozzle 25. According to this optical device manufacturing apparatus, an optical device having the desired optical properties can be obtained promptly and easily.

Abstract: An optical device manufacturing apparatus includes an encapsulating device for encapsulating an optical semiconductor element 4 mounted on a substrate 2 by a liquid resin R in a lens shape, and a curing device for curing the liquid resin R, wherein the encapsulating device includes a dispenser capable of vertically moving a nozzle 25 for supplying the liquid resin R, and brings the tip of the nozzle 25 close to the optical semiconductor element 4 and then supplies the liquid resin R while raising the nozzle 25. According to this optical device manufacturing apparatus, an optical device having the desired optical properties can be obtained promptly and easily.

Abstract: Compounds effective in inhibiting replication of Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) or other viruses are disclosed. This invention is also directed to compositions comprising such compounds, co-formulation or co-administration of such compounds with other anti-viral or therapeutic agents, processes and intermediates for the syntheses of such compounds, and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of HCV or other viral infections.

Abstract: Compounds effective in inhibiting replication of Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) or other viruses are disclosed. This invention is also directed to compositions comprising such compounds, co-formulation or co-administration of such compounds with other anti-viral or therapeutic agents, processes and intermediates for the syntheses of such compounds, and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of HCV or other viral infections.

Abstract: Compounds effective in inhibiting replication of Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) or other viruses are disclosed. This invention is also directed to compositions comprising such compounds, co-formulation or co-administration of such compounds with other anti-viral or therapeutic agents, processes and intermediates for the syntheses of such compounds, and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of HCV or other viral infections.

Abstract: Compounds effective in inhibiting replication of Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) or other viruses are disclosed. This invention is also directed to compositions comprising such compounds, co-formulation or co-administration of such compounds with other anti-viral or therapeutic agents, processes and intermediates for the syntheses of such compounds, and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of HCV or other viral infections.

Abstract: Compounds effective in inhibiting replication of Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) or other viruses are disclosed. This invention is also directed to compositions comprising such compounds, co-formulation or co-administration of such compounds with other anti-viral or therapeutic agents, processes and intermediates for the syntheses of such compounds, and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of HCV or other viral infections.

Abstract: Compounds effective in inhibiting replication of Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) or other viruses are disclosed. This invention is also directed to compositions comprising such compounds, co-formulation or co-administration of such compounds with other anti-viral or therapeutic agents, processes and intermediates for the syntheses of such compounds, and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of HCV or other viral infections.

Abstract: Compounds effective in inhibiting replication of Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) or other viruses are disclosed. This invention is also directed to compositions comprising such compounds, co-formulation or co-administration of such compounds with other anti-viral or therapeutic agents, processes and intermediates for the syntheses of such compounds, and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of HCV or other viral infections.

Abstract: Compounds effective in inhibiting replication of Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) or other viruses are disclosed. This invention is also directed to compositions comprising such compounds, co-formulation or co-administration of such compounds with other anti-viral or therapeutic agents, processes and intermediates for the syntheses of such compounds, and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of HCV or other viral infections.

Abstract: This invention relates to certain 3-aryl or 3-heteroaryl pyrazoles with 4,5(3,4)-bicyclic ring fusion which are inhibitors of protein kinase activity, of which some are novel compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions containing these pyrazoles and to processes for preparing these pyrazoles.

Abstract: Dihydrate crystal of 3-[4-(8-fluoro-5,11-dihydrobenz[b]oxepino[4,3-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)piperid ino]propionic acid providing high-intensity diffraction peaks at diffraction angles (2.theta.) of about 4.2.degree., 17.0.degree., and 21.3.degree. in a powder X-ray diffraction profile; a medicament comprising the dihydrate crystal; and a process for preparing the dihydrate crystal which comprises the steps of treating a crystalline substance containing an anhydride crystal of the above compound with hydrous acetone, and subjecting the product to drying treatment and moistening treatment.

Abstract: A benzamide derivative represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkanoyl group; R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom; R.sup.3 represents a lower alkoxy group; R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group; R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, or a lower alkoxy group; A represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.7 alkylene group which may optionally be substituted with a lower alkyl group; X represents a methylene group, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom; m represents an integer of from 0 to 3; n represents an integer of from 0 to 3; and p represents an integer of from 0 to 2 and a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof is provided. These compounds are useful since they have gastrointestinal stimulating activity, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compound is useful for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.

Abstract: A benzamide derivative represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkanoyl group; R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom; R.sup.3 represents a lower alkoxy group; R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group; R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, or a lower alkoxy group; A represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.7 alkylene group which may optionally be substituted with a lower alkyl group; X represents a methylene group, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom; m represents an integer of from 0 to 3; n represents an integer of from 0 to 3; and p represents an integer of from 0 to 2 and a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof is provided. These compounds are useful since they have gastrointestinal stimulating activity, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compound is useful for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.

Abstract: Novel amphoteric tricyclic compound represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom; X represents --O--, --CH.sub.2 O--, or --OCH.sub.2 --; and Y represents a C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkylene group which may optionally be substituted with a lower alkyl group, and a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof are disclosed. Also disclosed are a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same and a method for treatment of an allergic disease or bronchial asthma.