Abstract: A pH is measured by generating pulsed excitation-light including a wavelength that can excite a plurality of kinds of fluorescent-material in living matter that act as coenzyme in oxidation/reduction reaction in vivo, and the intensity of the light not damaging a tissue nor a cell and substantially not changing pH, and by illuminating a predetermined position in the living matter with the light, and by receiving fluorescence, and by resolving the intensity of the fluorescence into time domains the number of which is greater than that of the fluorescent-material, and by detecting the intensities of the fluorescence in the respective time domains, and by obtaining, based on the intensities, approximate-curves having gradients unique to the fluorescent-materials, respectively, and by calculating fluorescence lifetimes of at least two of the plurality of kinds of fluorescent-material based on the approximate-curves, and by measuring the pH of the living matter based on the lifetimes.

Abstract: Pulsed excitation light including a wavelength that can excite a fluorescent material contained in living matter is generated. The fluorescence lifetime of the fluorescent material is longer than or equal to 4.8 nanoseconds. A predetermined position in the living matter is illuminated with the pulsed excitation light. Further, light including fluorescence emitted from the fluorescent material excited by illumination with the pulsed excitation light is received. The lifetime of the fluorescence included in the received light is calculated by time-resolving the intensity of the fluorescence. Further, the oxygen concentration of the living matter is measured based on the lifetime.

Abstract: In a pH measurement method, pulsed excitation light including a wavelength that can excite a predetermined fluorescent material contained in living matter is generated. The fluorescent material acts as coenzyme in oxidation/reduction reaction in vivo. Further, the intensity of the pulsed excitation light does not damage a tissue nor a cell in the living matter, and does not substantially change the pH of the living matter. Further, a predetermined position in the living matter is illuminated with the pulsed excitation light, and light including fluorescence emitted from the fluorescent material excited by illumination with the pulsed excitation light is received. The lifetime of the fluorescence is calculated by time-resolving the intensity of the received fluorescence, and the pH of the living matter is measured based on the lifetime.

Abstract: The surface of a blank for a textured amorphous carbon substrate is polished in a surface with a predetermined surface roughness, and then the blank with a polished surface is heated at a predetermined temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere to form minute irregularities in the polished surface through a reaction expressed by C+O.sub.2 =CO.sub.2 so that the surface is textured in an appropriate surface roughness. A randomly textured amorphous carbon substrate has a randomly textured surface with a surface roughness Ra in the range of 20 to 100 .ANG. and the ratio Ra.sub.2 /Ra.sub.1, where Ra.sub.1 is the surface roughness with respect to a circumferential direction, and Ra.sub.2 is the surface roughness with respect to a radial direction, in the range of 0.75 to 1.25 .ANG.. A concentrically textured amorphous carbon substrate has a concentrically textured surface with a surface roughness Ra in the range of 30 to 100 .ANG. or in the range of 40 to 200 .ANG., and the ratio Ra.sub.2 /Ra.sub.1 of 1.75 or greater.

Abstract: The invention provides a flexible metal-foiled laminate of an insulating base film of a synthetic resin, e.g. polyimide, and a metal, e.g. copper, foil adhesively bonded together and suitable for use as a base plate for printed circuit boards by virtue of the high heat resistance and greatly increased adhesive bonding strength between the base film and the metal foil. The laminate is prepared by use of a silicone-based adhesive and the surface of the base film is, prior to adhesive bonding, subjected to a treatment of exposure to an atmosphere of low temperature plasma generated in a gaseous organosilicon compound such as trimethyl ethoxy silane, optionally, diluted with an inorganic gas such as oxygen.