Abstract: An optical transmission apparatus includes: a first processing circuit that performs, on a forward error correction (FEC) frame obtained by adding FEC to a frame that directly accommodates a client signal, error correction based on the FEC, and acquires an amount of errors for which correction failed in the error correction as an uncorrectable amount; and a second processing circuit that estimates the number of bit errors of the errors based on the uncorrectable amount, and outputs information that includes the estimated number of bit errors.

Abstract: An electric stapler including tension springs which prevent a second staple from entering a staple supply position of a magazine when a first staple is a jammed therein. The tension springs are connected between the arm of actuating links and connecting rods. The connecting rods connect the actuating links to the shaft of a motor. A clincher is provided which folds the legs of a U-shaped staple which have penetrated an article to a stapled against the article.

Abstract: An electric stapler including tension springs which prevent a second staple from entering a staple supply position of a magazine when a first staple is jammed therein. The tension springs are connected between the arm of actuating links and connecting rods. The connecting rods connect the actuating links to the shaft of a motor. A clincher is provided which folds the legs of a U-shaped staple which have penetrated an article to be stapled against the article.