Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing device, a charger contactable to the image bearing device for effecting contact charging of the image bearing device, the charger being supplied with a voltage having a DC component and an AC component, and the charger being provided with an electrode for receiving the voltage; wherein the following is satisfied: when an electric field formed between the image bearing device and the electrode is not more than .vertline.E/d.sub.SD .vertline. (V/m), a resistance of the charger per unit area of contact between the image bearing device and the charger is larger than20E/(wCV.sub.DC) (.OMEGA.m.sup.2)and is larger than the resistance when the electric field is more than .vertline.(E+V.sub.DC)/d.sub.SD .vertline. (V/m)where E(V) is an amplitude of the AC component; w(rad) is an angular velocity of the AC component; d.sub.SD (m) is a minimum distance between the electrode and the image bearing device; C(F/m.sup.

Abstract: An image forming method and apparatus which forms an image by using PWM to properly reproduce tones at a low density in the image formation, and attain a high-quality image without reducing the resolution in the dot formation corresponding to a high density value. A color laser beam printer using the PWM to which the present invention is applied forms a latent image onto a photosensitive drum by the laser beam irradiated from a semiconductor laser. The waveform of a chopped wave signal used in the PWM is set to be unique with respect to each color component, and be asymmetrical to the center of each pixel represented by the image signal in synchronization with the waveform of the chopped signal. Accordingly, the interval of dots formed to correspond to each color component is relatively wide when the density value is small, while the interval is relatively narrow when the density value is large.

Abstract: In a method of developing an electrostatic latent image formed on an image bearing member, wherein a developer carrying member carrying a layer of a developer is faced to the image bearing member and is supplied with an oscillating bias voltage to form an oscillating electric field in a developing zone, the improvement residing in: that a maximum Vu1max of a potential difference Vu1 between an image portion potential of the latent image and a potential of the developer carrying member in a transfer phase of the oscillating electric field, is larger than a maximum Vr1max of a potential difference Vr1 therebetween in a back-transfer phase thereof; that a maximum Vu2max of a potential difference Vu2 between a non-image portion potential of the latent image and a potential of the developer carrying member in the transfer phase of the oscillating electric field, is not less than a maximum Vr2max of a potential Vr2 therebetween in the back-transfer phase thereof; that integration Iu2, with time, of the potential di

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming device for forming an image on a recording material, the image forming device having a contactable member which is contactable with the recording material with electrostatic attraction force between the contactable member and the recording material; a separation discharger for electrically discharging the recording material upon separation of the recording material from the contactable member after image formation on the recording material, the separation discharger having a wire electrode and a shield electrode; wherein Vp/f.ltoreq.0.5 is satisfied where Vp is a conveying speed of the recording material (mm/sec), and f is a frequency of a periodically changing voltage applied to the separation discharger (Hz), wherein the inside of the shield electrode is reduced toward the contactable member.

Abstract: A package for housing semiconductor elements including an insulating base which consists of electrical insulation material, and has a mounting portion that mounts semiconductor elements on the upper surface as well as a plurality of depressions on either of the upper surface and the lower surface thereof, a plurality of metallized wiring layers led away from the periphery of the mounting portion and extending to one end surface of the depressions, a plurality of connection pads for electrically connecting the metallized wiring layers formed on the end surface of the depressions of the insulating base and terminals which are soldered to the connection pads, wherein the terminals are accurately attached by solder to designated positions on the connection pads and securely and strongly joined to designated wire conductors of external electronic circuit boards to achieve reliable electrical connections of semiconductor integrated circuit elements housed inside the package to external electronic circuit boards.

Abstract: A novel process for the preparation of a chlorinated polyolefin having excellent low temperature characteristics and brightness is provided which comprises allowing a polyolefin dissolved or suspended in a solvent to undergo chlorination reaction with chlorine gas or chlorinated sulfuryl in the presence of a radical initiator as a catalyst, characterized in that as said solvent there is used 1,1,2-trichloroethane and the temperature is controlled to 90.degree. C. or lower at the process for removing hydrogen chloride and/or sulfur dioxide by-produced during the reaction from the reaction system.

Abstract: There are disclosed a benzo[b]furancarboxamide derivative of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c and R.sup.d are a hydrogen atom or lower alkyl group, respectively; R.sup.e is a hydrogen atom, amino radical, lower alkylamino group or acylamino group; X is a hydrogen atom or halogen atom; and n is an integer of 1-5,and including racemic compounds and stereo-isomers thereof, a salt of the compounds, a process for the preparation of the compounds and salts as well as use thereof for improving hypermotility.

Abstract: A developing apparatus includes a guide member for guiding toner toward an image bearing member bearing an electrostatic image thereon, the guide member having a first end and a second end, a vibration generating device for applying an ultrasonic oscillation to the guide member proximate one of the first end and the second end of the guide member, and a vibration absorbing device for absorbing the ultrasonic oscillation in the guide member at the other one of the first end and the second end, wherein toner is conveyed on the guide member in a direction from the absorbing device to the vibration applying device. In one aspect, the toner is a magnetic toner, and a magnetic field is generated on the guide member at a position opposite a surface for guiding the toner.

Abstract: Polymer particles including polysiloxane is disclosed. The polymer particles are prepared by condensing at least one organosilane or organosiloxane compound in the presence of organic polymer particles which are prepared from specific monomers and dispersed in an aqueous medium. The polymer particles possess excellent water resistance, weatherability, water repellency, adhesion, and flexing resistance, and thus are useful as water paints, coating agents, carpet packing material, floor polishing agents, cementing medium, and the like.

Abstract: A novel process for the preparation of a chlorinated polyolefin having excellent low temperature characteristics and brightness is provided which comprises allowing a polyolefin dissolved or suspended in a solvent to undergo chlorination reaction with chlorine gas or chlorinated sulfuryl in the presence of a radical initiator as a catalyst, characterized in that as said solvent there is used 1,1,2-trichloroethane and the temperature is controlled to 90.degree. C. or lower at the process for removing hydrogen chloride and/or sulfur dioxide by-produced during the reaction from the reaction system.

Abstract: A machine tool for performing drilling operations at a high speed on a rotating workpiece and for subsequently performing threading operations while minimizing loss time due to speed changes, based upon synchronization of the workpiece with tools that separately perform the drilling and threading operations. During the performance of the drilling operation, a high speed rotation of the workpiece is maintained and workpiece position is detected. The tapping tool is rotated to a similar high speed and is synchronized with the rotating workpiece in both rotational velocity and position. Upon completion of the drilling operation, tapping is performed and subsequent drilling operations may be resumed promptly. Since synchronization has been achieved, the switching between drilling and tapping operations may be obtained with little loss time.

Abstract: An ultrasonic oscillation is applied in the neighborhood of one end of a guide member for supporting and guiding a powder, so that a transverse proceeding wave is generated in the guide member. The powder moves from the other end of the guide member toward a position of the applied ultrasonic oscillation under the action of this proceeding wave.

Abstract: Disclosed is an aluminium nitride sintered body composed of a sintered body of aluminum nitride, erubium (Er) metal or its compound and calcium (Ca) metal or its compounds, said sintered body containing 1.8 to 10% by weight of an erubium component calculated as an oxide and more than 0 to not more than 2% by weight of a calcium component calculated as an oxide, and consisting of crystal grains of aluminum nitride and an intergranular phase composed mainly of an aluminate other than Er.sub.3 Al.sub.5 O.sub.12, said sintered body further having a bulk density of 3.2 to 3.6 g/cm.sup.3.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus using electrostatic images includes a state quantity detection device for detecting states which would exert some influence on the formation of images as quantities, a control quantity control device for controlling the operation of a process for forming images on an image bearing member, a rule storage device for relating the relation between the state quantities and the control quantity by a control device as a certain rule and storing it, and an inference device for inferring a control quantity to be determined from a set of state quantities on the basis of rules of the rule storage device. The picture image forming apparatus determines the operation quantity for the image bearing member of the process device on the basis of the calculated results of the inference device and forms an image.

Abstract: A flexible boot having a bellows and mount portions on both axial ends of the bellows portion at which the boot is mounted on parts of a mechanism such as an automotive constant velocity joint. The flexible boot has an anti-degradation agent make-up element made of a material which contains an anti-degradation agent and which is capable of allowing the anti-degradation agent to precipitate on the surface thereof. The anti-degradation agent make-up element is fitted on at least a portion of the outer surface of the bellows so that the anti-degradation agent precipitated on the surface of the material of the anti-degradation agent make-up element is caused to progressively immigrate into the material of the bellows thereby making-up the anti-degradation agent in the bellows.

Abstract: An aqueous dispersion of polymer particles each consisting essentially of (a) a syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene having 70% or more of unsaturated hydrocarbon groups in the side chains and having a melting point of 70.degree. C. or higher, (b) a polymer mixture of said polybutadiene (a) and other polymer in the form that (a) and (b) co-exist in the same particle, or (c) a copolymer obtained by graft-polymerizing a conjugated diene and/or other polymerizable monomer on said polybutadiene (a), each of said particles having an average diameter of 10 .mu.m or less.

Abstract: A fuel supply control system for internal combustion engines properly controls the additional fuel supply at high speed operation and full load operation of the engine without causing overheating of the exhaust gas purifying device of the engine. The fuel supply control system includes a throttle switch for generating a load detection signal when the throttle valve is at its substantially full open position indicative of the heavy load condition of the engine and includes a high speed detecting device for generating a high speed detection signal when the amount of air sucked into the engine or when the intermittent signals from an ignition device exceeds a predetermined amount. In response to at least one of the detection signals, the additional fuel is supplied to the engine.

Abstract: In an air-to-fuel ratio feedback control system of the type in which the output detection signal of an air-to-fuel ratio detector adapted to detect the concentration of an exhaust gas constituent of an internal combustion engine is compared with a preset value in a comparison circuit whose output signal in turn is utilized to feedback control the air-to-fuel ratio of mixture supplied to the engine, the preset value of the comparison circuit is changed to another value in response to the occurrence of a condition which requires the stopping of the feedback control of the air-to-fuel ratio of mixture supplied to the engine, thereby preventing the occurrence of malfunction during transient periods such as the periods of opening and closing of the feedback control system loop.