Abstract: A confocal scanning microscope comprises rotational disk having numerous pinholes arranged at positions that are conjugate with respect to an object to be observed, illumination optical system for implementing the pinhole-illumination for the object to be observed through the rotational disk, and observation optical system for conducting a reflected light beam from the illuminated object to be observed through the rotational disk and focuses the light beam to form an image for observation at a position that is conjugate with respect to the rotational disk, wherein the pinholes of the rotational disk are in equiangular arrangement on a parabolic spiral. The number of loops M of the parabolic spiral and the number of equiangular divisions in one round of the parabolic spiral at which the pinholes are located have any of relations: M:N=1:2, 3:2, 5:2, . . . , (2i-1):2, where i is an integer.

Abstract: A slit lamp microscope, which includes an illumination optical system for slit illumination onto an eye to be examined and an observing optical system containing an objective lens for observation of the eye exposed to the slit illumination, comprises a confocal scanning microscope unit containing an illumination optical system for illuminating a rotating circular disc provided with a plurality of pinholes and illuminating an observation plane of the eye to be examined by illumination light transmitted through the pinholes of the rotating circular disc, and a light delivery optical system for focusing the luminous flux reflected from the observation plane of the eye on the rotating circular disc and delivering it to the objective lens, and a setting device to set the confocal scanning microscope unit in the front of the objective lens.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus in which alignment light is projected on the objected eye, and cornea reflecting images of the alignment light are detected at a first and a second detecting optical systems disposed in different directions respectively and, based on the detected data at the first and the second detecting optical systems, a three-dimensional position of the measured portion is found out by a calculating device.

Abstract: An ophthalmometric apparatus, such as an apparatus for measuring the opacity of the lens of the examinee's eye, comprises an alignment light projecting optical system for projecting alignment light rays on the examinee's eye, a position detecting optical system for detecting the position of a bright spot of corneal reflection formed by the alignment light projecting optical system, a position calculating means for calculating position data representing the position of the examinee's eye relative to a reference position on the basis of detection data provided by the position detecting optical system, an observation optical system for observing the front of the examinee's eye, provided with a filter means for intercepting at least part of the alignment light rays, and a display means for displaying the front of the examinee's eye, the bright spot of the corneal reflection, an image of a reference mark, and position data representing the position of the examinee's eye in an XYZ coordinate system on the observati

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus for use by an examiner in examining an examinee's eye includes an optical system for examining the examinee's eye, an observing optical path for observing the examinee's eye directly in binocular vision, a beam splitter disposed in the observing optical path, and a mark forming device for forming an aiming mark at a position conjugate to a predetermined portion of the anterior part of the eye, the light of the aiming mark being reflected by the light splitting member into the eyes of the examiner, wherein the positional relationship along the observing optical path between the anterior part of the examinee's eye and the aiming mark is perceived through the examiner's eyes and the suitability of the working distance of the apparatus can be judged.

Abstract: An optometric apparatus includes an operating table and a vision test chart displaying device provided internally within the operating table. An optical group, including a plurality of reflection-type optical elements, are disposed within the operating table. The optical group repeatedly reflects an optical image of the vision test chart projected from the vision test chart displaying device along an optical path within said operating table. A first deflecting optical element reflects the optical image of the vision test chart reflected by the reflection-type optical element group outside the operating table in a first direction. A second deflecting optical element then reflects the optical image of the vision test chart reflected by the first deflecting optical element in a second direction toward the examinee's eyes.

Abstract: A stereoscopic retinal camera comprises an illuminating optical system, a photographing optical system, an observation optical system and a focus detection optical system. The focusing optical system consists of an index projecting system combined with one of the two light paths of the observation optical system, and an index detecting system combined with the other light path of the observation optical system. The respective positions of the focusing lenses of the photographing optical system are adjusted so that a sharp image of the focusing index is detected by the index detecting system. Thus, the stereoscopic retinal camera can be easily focused without requiring any particular skill and is capable of enabling the minute observation of the fundus of the eye by means of a direct-vision viewfinder.

Abstract: This application discloses a laser apparatus including a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope for irradiating a treatment laser beam on an eye to be treated comprising, an optical fiber for guiding the treatment laser beam to the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope, an optical element, which reflects the treatment laser beam while penetrates a pair of observation beams of the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope is provided in the object side of an ophthalmoscope lens, an optical system which directs the treatment laser beam to said optical element so that the axis of the treatment laser beam coincides with the substantial center of said pair of observation beam axes, whereby the power of the treatment laser beam becomes stable owing to above constitution.

Abstract: A retroillumination image photographing apparatus of a crystalline lens in which an eye to be examined is projected by illumination light, and a crystalline lens is retroillumination with reflected light at an fundus of the illumination light, which includes: an alignment apparatus which aligns a photographing optical system of the retroillumination image photographing apparatus with a predetermined region of an eye to be examined; a storage apparatus which stores the position of the photographing optical system aligned by the alignment apparatus; and origin computing means which computes a specific region of the eye to be examined as an origin of an image pickup position of said photographing optical system based on the positional information of the storage apparatus; and detecting means which detects movement quantity of the image pickup position of the photographing optical system; and a display apparatus which displays the image pickup position of the photographing optical system based on the detection re

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a heat exchanger in which a laminate prepared by laminating many sheets one upon another so that the neighboring sheets may be formed with bonded portions and non-bonded portions, is expanded in such a direction that the respective sheets are spaced from each other so as to form flow channels or passages between the sheets at the non-bonded portions, and which employs the steps of printing patterns of bonded material onto the sheets, laminating the sheets, and subsequently expanding the laminate of the sheets to form the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A heat exchanging system including a heat exchanger element formed by stacking, in predetermined spaced relation, a plurality of thermally conductive partition plates, primary and secondary air streams being allowed to alternately flow through laminar spaces between the partition plates, and heat exchange being effected between the primary and secondary air streams while the primary and secondary air streams are cyclically switched. In accordance with different embodiments, the partition plates may be impermeable to moisture and be capable of accumulating moisture, (b) be moisture transmissive and hygroscopic, or (c) be impermeable to moisture and have no capability of accumulating moisture.

Abstract: A heat exchanger apparatus includes a cylindrical-shaped heat exchanger formed by alternately laminating first and second elements in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical-shaped heat exchanger. The cylindrical-shaped heat exchanger is rotated to carry out the function of the conventional regenerative rotary type total heat exchanger. In addition, the first and second elements are also allowed to effect a heat exchange or total heat exchange operation. The cylindrical-shaped heat exchanger is either hollow or solid, which provides many variations in arrangement of air ducts for primary and secondary air flows. Further, a partition interposed between the first and second elements has variation in property: permeable to water vapor; non-permeable to water vapor as well as non-hygroscopic; and so forth. The first and second elements exchange heat with each other in a total heat exchange operation mode and a sensible heat exchange operation mode.

Abstract: An air-conditioning machine having, in blocks within the same box body, an indoor-air circulation wind passage, an outdoor-air circulation wind passage, and a ventilation wind passage. An opposite-flow heat exchanger, designed to recover the heat in the ventilation wind passage, is provided. One of two opposite faces having two wind passage openings in one face of the opposite-flow heat exchanger faces the outdoor-air circulation wind passage. The other thereof faces the indoor-air circulation wind passage. Shutters or dampers are provided on both of the faces. Functions of cooling and heating, heating and exchange ventilation, and simultaneous feed and exhaust non-heat-exchange ventilation can be exhibited.