Abstract: A heating device includes a tube, a container, a heater, and heat medium. The tube through which liquid flows is spirally formed. The container has a cylindrical part whose axial direction is along a spiral direction of the tube and stores the tube. The heater is provided in the cylindrical part. The heat medium is in liquid form and fills the container.

Abstract: The present invention provides a catalyst for producing alcohols from carboxylic acids by hydrogenation, containing Co metal as an essential component and one or more elements selected from Zr, Y, La, Ce, Si, Al, Sc, V and Mo as a first co-catalyst component, and having 20% or more of cubic phase in the crystal phase of the Co metal, the method for producing the catalyst, and the method for producing an alcohol from a carboxylic acid as a raw material by hydrogenation using the catalyst.

Abstract: A voice communication apparatus includes a communication portion that receives a plurality of frames including at least a first frame having first voice data and a second frame having second voice data subsequent to the first frame, the first voice data and the second voice data being encoded by a predetermined encoding system, a decoding portion that decodes the first voice data and the second voice data received by the communication portion, a buffer that retains the first voice data and the second voice data decoded by the decoding portion, a calculation portion that calculates an amplitude envelope based on the first voice data decoded by the decoding portion, and a controlling portion that judges whether or not the second voice data decoded by the decoding portion exceeds the amplitude envelope and corrects the second voice data that exceeds the amplitude envelope.

Abstract: The present invention provides a catalyst for producing alcohols from carboxylic acids by hydrogenation, containing Co metal as an essential component and one or more elements selected from Zr, Y, La, Ce, Si, Al, Sc, V and Mo as a first co-catalyst component, and having 20% or more of cubic phase in the crystal phase of the Co metal, the method for producing the catalyst, and the method for producing an alcohol from a carboxylic acid as a raw material by hydrogenation using the catalyst.

Abstract: A voice communication apparatus includes a communication portion that receives a plurality of frames including at least a first frame having first voice data and a second frame having second voice data subsequent to the first frame, the first voice data and the second voice data being encoded by a predetermined encoding system, a decoding portion that decodes the first voice data and the second voice data received by the communication portion, a buffer that retains the first voice data and the second voice data decoded by the decoding portion, a calculation portion that calculates an amplitude envelope based on the first voice data decoded by the decoding portion, and a controlling portion that judges whether or not the second voice data decoded by the decoding portion exceeds the amplitude envelope and corrects the second voice data that exceeds the amplitude envelope.

Abstract: When a telephone unit in the present invention receives a caller data at incoming call, it provides a new history data or updates a existing history data for storage in memory unit; depending on situation whether or not there exists a history data containing caller's telephone number and incoming date and time indicated in the caller data. It has a caller data voice transmittance processor which transmits via voice processor the stored history data to outside, in response to a reproduction command. Under the above-described configuration, the telephone unit can transmit the caller-related information to the user away from home; either for the entire information, for the latest information alone, or for the whole information received from a certain specific caller, upon optional demand of the user.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing lower alkyl fatty esters from fatty acids and lower alcohols, wherein lower alkyl fatty esters are produced in higher yield with a reduction in the amount of the remaining fatty acids. The process of the present invention comprises bringing fatty acids into contact with gaseous lower alcohols in fixed bed(s) charged with a weakly acidic solid catalyst by countercurrent operation, by co-current operation and subsequent countercurrent operation or by pseudo-countercurrent operation, thus feeding and reacting the fatty acids and lower alcohols in fixed-bed reactor(s) charged with a weakly acidic solid catalyst to produce lower alkyl fatty esters.

Abstract: The present invention provides a heterogeneous catalyst which is highly active, excellent in selectivity and free from elution of its catalyst-components during reaction and which has long lifetime. That is, a phosphate of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium and iron is used as the catalyst for transesterification of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing lower alkyl fatty esters from fatty acids and lower alcohols, wherein lower alkyl fatty esters are produced in higher yield with a reduction in the amount of the remaining fatty acids. The process of the present invention comprises bringing fatty acids into contact with gaseous lower alcohols in fixed bed(s) charged with a weakly acidic solid catalyst by countercurrent operation, by co-current operation and subsequent countercurrent operation or by pseudo-countercurrent operation, thus feeding and reacting the fatty acids and lower alcohols in fixed-bed reactor(s) charged with a weakly acidic solid catalyst to produce lower alkyl fatty esters.

Abstract: The present invention provides a solid acid catalyst developing high activity and exhibiting high durability in various organic reactions. That is, the present invention provides a solid acid catalyst having the structure (A) in which a hydrogen atom is eliminated from at least one of OH groups contained in an inorganic phosphorus acid, the structure (B) in which a hydrogen atom is eliminated from at least one of OH groups contained in an organic phosphorus acid represented by the formula (1) or (2) and at least one metal atom (C) selected from aluminum, gallium and iron and a method for producing an ester, a ketal or an acetal by using the solid acid catalyst; wherein each of —R1 and —R2 is selected from —R, —OR, —OH and —H in which at least one of —R1 and —R2 is —R or —OR, given that —R is an organic group having 1-22 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The present invention provides a heterogeneous catalyst which is highly active, excellent in selectivity and free from elution of its catalyst-components during reaction and which has long lifetime. That is, a phosphate of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium and iron is used as the catalyst for transesterification of the present invention.

Abstract: A process for producing desulfurized fats and oils or fatty acid esters is disclosed, which comprises treating fats and oils or fatty acid esters under hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and an inert gas atmosphere at a pressure of from 0.1 to 500 kg/cm.sup.2 in the absolute pressure at a temperature of from 100.degree. to 350.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst of the following formula (I):Cu.multidot.X.sub.x .multidot.Y.sub.y .multidot.O.sub.z (I)wherein all symbols are defined in the disclosure. A process for producing an alcohols using desulfurized fats and oils or fatty acid esters is also disclosed. According to the process for producing an alcohol of the present invention, an alcohol of a high purity and good qualities can efficiently and effectively be produced.

Abstract: A process for producing a hydrogenation reaction catalyst precursor is disclosed, including the steps of:(i) coating the outer surface of at least one of a first titanium oxide and a first titanium hydroxide having an outer surface area of at least 15 m.sup.2 /g with at least one of a second titanium oxide and a second titanium hydroxide formed by hydrolyzing at least one of a titanium alkoxide represented by Formula (I) and a titanium alkoxo acid represented by Formula (II) to prepare a catalyst carrier (A);Ti(OR).sub.4 (I)wherein R represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an aryl group,H.sub.2 [Ti(OR).sub.6 ] (II)wherein R has the same meaning as above;(ii) applying a metal oxide composition (B) onto the catalyst carrier (A) obtained in step (i), or mixing the metal oxide composition (B) with the catalyst carrier (A) to obtain a hydrogenation reaction catalyst precursor.

Abstract: An alcohol is effective produced by catalytically reducing an organic carboxylic acid ester with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst obtained by reducing a catalyst precursor comprising (A) copper oxide and (B) titanium oxide and/or titanium hydroxide at a weight ratio of (A) to (B) in the range between 15/85 and 65/35. The component (A) may be alternatively a composite metal oxide comprises copper oxide and up to 20 wt. % of zinc oxide.