Abstract: Provided is a charging member capable of suppressing adhesion of toner or the like to a surface. The charging member comprises: a support; an elastic layer; and a surface layer, and the surface layer contains a polymer having an Si—O—Sr bond and having a structural unit represented by the following formula (1) and a structural unit represented by the following formula (2).

Abstract: Provided is a charging member, which has excellent follow-up property to the rotation of a photosensitive drum and can charge an electrophotographic photosensitive member more stably. The charging member is a charging member, comprising a mandrel, an elastic layer formed on an outer periphery of the mandrel, and a surface layer formed on an outer periphery of the elastic layer, in which the surface layer comprises at least one selected from hydroxylated fullerene and oxidized fullerene, and a binder.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member having a rough surface, thereby suppressing adhesion of dirt on the surface. A charging member having a supporting member, an elastic layer and a surface layer, in which the surface layer contains a polymer compound, which has a Si—O-M bond and at least one structural unit selected from structural units represented by the following general formula (1) and the following general formula (2), and has a structural unit represented by the following general formula (3); the charging member has cracks developing from the surface thereof and reaching the elastic layer; and the cracks each have convexly raised edges, by which the surface thereof is roughened.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member having a high relative dielectric constant and a small surface free energy, the charging member being capable of maintaining its high relative dielectric constant over a long time period. Also provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus effective in increasing a printing speed and lengthening the lifetime of the electrophotographic apparatus. The charging member is a charging member comprising a support, an elastic layer, and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer comprises a cured product layer of a coating agent containing a reaction product between a hydrolyzable silane compound and titanium oxide particles having hydroxyl groups on surfaces thereof at a content of from 0.7 mass % to 35 mass %. The electrophotographic apparatus and the process cartridge each include the charging member.

Abstract: A charging member is provided which has a surface layer that can more surely keep bleeding from occurring. It is a charging member having a substrate, an elastic layer and a surface layer; the surface layer containing a high-molecular compound having a constituent unit represented by the following formula (1) and a constituent unit represented by the following formula (2), and having an Si—O—Zr linkage.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having at least one of structures represented by the following formulas (1a1), (1a2), (1b1) and (1b2): Toners and external additives used in the toners clinging to the charging member surface can be minimized even through repeated use over a long period of time, thus the charging member can perform stable charging and image reproduction even when used in the DC contact charging method.

Abstract: A charging member is provided in which exudation of a low molecular weight component from an elastic layer to the surface is suppressed, and at the same time, charging performance of the electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided at a high level.

Abstract: The present invention provides a charging member which can maintain excellent wear resistance even though being used repeatedly. In the charging member having a surface layer, the surface layer is a surface layer constituted by at least one selected from silsesquioxanes having structures represented by a compound (1), a compound (2), a compound (3), a compound (4), a compound (5) and a compound (6), and a polysiloxane having a first unit represented by SiO0.5R1(OR2)(OR3), a second unit represented by SiO1.0R4(OR5) and a third unit represented by SiO1.5R6, wherein the silsesquioxane is contained in the polysiloxane.

Abstract: A charging member having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer, wherein the surface layer contains a polysiloxane having an acrylic group and an oxyalkylene group. This provides a charging member to the surface of which toners and external additives used in the toners can not easily cling even because of repeated use over a long period of time and which therefore enables charging and image reproduction which are stable over a long period of time, even when used in the DC contact charging method; and further provides a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such a charging member.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a charging member that achieves a high level of compatibility between the suppression of the bleeding of a low-molecular weight component from its elastic layer to its surface and charging performance for an electrophotographic photosensitive member. The charging member has a substrate, an elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymer having a Si—O—Ti bond, and the polymer has a constitutional unit represented by the following general formula (1) and a constitutional unit represented by the following general formula (2).

Abstract: The present invention provides a charging member which can maintain excellent wear resistance even though being used repeatedly. In the charging member having a surface layer, the surface layer is a surface layer constituted by at least one selected from silsesquioxanes having structures represented by a compound (1), a compound (2), a compound (3), a compound (4), a compound (5) and a compound (6), and a polysiloxane having a first unit represented by SiO0.5R1(OR2)(OR3), a second unit represented by SiO1.0R4(OR5) and a third unit represented by SiO1.5R6, wherein the silsesquioxane is contained in the polysiloxane.

Abstract: Provided are a charging member capable of maintaining excellent wear resistance even after repeated use, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the charging member. The charging member is characterized in that its surface layer has a polysiloxane to which a silsesquioxane is bonded.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a charging member in which a toner, an additive for use in the toner, or the like is hard to adhere to the surface even under repeated use for a long time, and hence the charging and image output are made stable for a long time even if the charging member is used in the DC contact charging method, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the charging member. The present invention provides a charging member comprising a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support, and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer, characterized in that the surface layer contains a polysiloxane having a fluoroalkyl group and an oxyalkylene group, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the charging member.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having at least one of structures represented by the following formulas (1a1), (1a2), (1b1) and (1b2): Toners and external additives used in the toners clinging to the charging member surface can be minimized even through repeated use over a long period of time, thus the charging member can perform stable charging and image reproduction even when used in the DC contact charging method.

Abstract: A charging member has a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having a first unit, a second unit and a third unit each of which is represented by a specific formula. The ratio of the sum of the mole numbers of the first and second units to the sum of the mole numbers of the first to third units is in a specific range.

Abstract: A charging member is provided in which a toner, an additive for use in the toner, or the like is hard to adhere to the surface even under repeated use for a long time, and hence the charging and image output are made stable for a long time even if the charging member is used in the DC contact charging method. Also provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the charging member. The charging member includes a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support, and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer, characterized in that the surface layer contains a polysiloxane having a fluoroalkyl group and an oxyalkylene group, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the charging member.

Abstract: A charging member is provided in which a toner, an additive for use in the toner, or the like is hard to adhere to the surface even under repeated use for a long time, and hence the charging and image output are made stable for a long time even if the charging member is used in the DC contact charging method. Also provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the charging member. The charging member includes a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support, and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer, characterized in that the surface layer contains a polysiloxane having a fluoroalkyl group and an oxyalkylene group, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the charging member.

Abstract: A charging member has a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having a first unit, a second unit and a third unit each of which is represented by a specific formula. The ratio of the sum of the mole numbers of the first and second units to the sum of the mole numbers of the first to third units is in a specific range.

Abstract: A charging member having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer, wherein the surface layer contains a polysiloxane having an acrylic group and an oxyalkylene group. This provides a charging member to the surface of which toners and external additives used in the toners can not easily cling even because of repeated use over a long period of time and which therefore enables charging and image reproduction which are stable over a long period of time, even when used in the DC contact charging method; and further provides a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such a charging member.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a charging member in which a toner, an additive for use in the toner, or the like is hard to adhere to the surface even under repeated use for a long time, and hence the charging and image output are made stable for a long time even if the charging member is used in the DC contact charging method, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the charging member. The present invention provides a charging member comprising a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support, and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer, characterized in that the surface layer contains a polysiloxane having a fluoroalkyl group and an oxyalkylene group, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the charging member.