Abstract: An FM multiple radio broadcasting receiver includes a data group number and data packet number derivation circuit by which a data group number and a data packet number included in a prefix of FM subcarrier data are derived. A first random number generator generates a first random number on the basis of the data group number, the data packet number and scramble key data which is outputted from a scramble key generation circuit, and sets the first random number in a second random number generator as its initial value. Therefore, it is possible to appropriately scramble or descramble with using packet structure of the FM subcarrier data.

Abstract: In a digital VTR, supplied digital video information is separated into 0th to second stage data by an information separating circuit (300) employing a hierarchical coding method. The 0th stage data are subjected to processes such as error correction as main information capable of roughly forming video signals by themselves. The first and second stage data are subjected to error correction and the like as subinformation forming details of the image. The main information and the subinformation are recorded on a magnetic tape such that the main information is recorded at the central portion of each recording track and the subinformation is recorded on both outer side portions of the recording track. During high speed reproduction, at least the main information is reproduced from the magnetic tape and rough video information is formed based on the reproduced main information.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for issuing cards having recorded thereon a predetermined monetary value, which cards can be used by a customer to purchase tickets which are usable in automatic ticket gates of a commutation system. The apparatus receives, retains and invalidates a card presented by the customer and dispenses, from a supply of blank cards, a new card on which is recorded a monetary value equal to that of the card which has been presented plus that of any cash that has been presented to the apparatus. This monetary value may be magnetically recorded and may also be visually displayed by means of humanreadable symbols imprinted on the card.

Abstract: An automatic ticket vending system in which a stored value card previously issued to a customer is used to purchase a ticket which can be used in the existing conventional automatic ticket gate in which the tickets purchased from an ordinary coin-actuated ticket vending machine are used. When the card is used to purchase a ticket, the fare of the ticket purchased is subtracted from the monetary value of the card.

Abstract: An automatic article vending system in which a card is used to actuate the system. The card has a predetermined monetary value, which is decreased by the value of the article purchased with the card. A predetermined maximum value that can be spent at one time is set for the card. It is possible to purchase with the card an article having a value within the lower one of the present value of the card and the maximum spendable value. The card may be given an extra value added gratis to the value of the money paid by the owner of the card.