Abstract: Provided is a magnetic recording medium permitting the controlling of backcoat layer transfer to a magnetic layer surface, a reduction in dropout even when employing microgranular magnetic material, as well as good running stability, durability, and storage properties. The magnetic recording medium comprises a magnetic layer comprising a ferromagnetic powder and a binder on one surface of a nonmagnetic support and a backcoat layer comprising a nonmagnetic powder and a binder on the other surface of the nonmagnetic support. Said nonmagnetic powder is an acicular particle having a mean particle diameter of 5 to 300 nm, and said backcoat layer comprises water-soluble cations in a quantity of 100 ppm or less and water-soluble anions in a quantity of 150 nm or less.

Abstract: A magnetic recording tape comprising a magnetic layer, a flexible support and a backcoating layer in this order, wherein the backcoating layer has on its surface 10 to 200 projections having a height of 50 to 100 nm per 90 &mgr;m side square as measured with an atomic force microscope and 10 or fewer projections having a height greater than 100 nm and not greater than 500 nm per 90 &mgr;m side square as measured with an atomic force microscope, and the tape has a cupping of 3 to 20% of the tape width with convexity on the magnetic layer side.

Abstract: A magnetic recording tape comprising: a magnetic layer comprising a ferromagnetic powder and a binder; a nonmagnetic layer; a support; and a back coating layer, in this order, wherein the magnetic layer comprises, as the binder, a polyurethane resin comprising a dimer diol as a diol component, the back coating layer comprises nonmagnetic inorganic powders and from 1 to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of a total amount of the nonmagnetic inorganic powders, of a lubricant, and a number of protrusions having a height, as measured by an atomic force microscope, of from 30 to 100 nm present on a surface of the back coating layer is from 10 to 1,000 per a 90-&mgr;m square.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprising: a magnetic layer comprising a ferromagnetic powder and a binder; a non-magnetic support; and a backcoating layer comprising a non-magnetic powder and a binder, in this order, wherein the backcoating layer comprises 0.3 to 5% by weight of at least one of a fatty acid having 10 to 26 carbon atoms and an ester thereof, the backcoating layer has projections having a height of 100 nm or smaller as measured with an atomic force microscope, and a density of projections on the backcoating layer which have a height of 25 to 100 nm as measured with an atomic force microscope is 1000 or fewer per 90 &mgr;m side square.

Abstract: A magnetic recording tape comprising a magnetic layer, a flexible support and a backcoating layer in this order, wherein the backcoating layer has on its surface 10 to 200 projections having a height of 50 to 100 nm per 90 &lgr;m side square as measured with an atomic force microscope and 10 or fewer projections having a height greater than 100 nm and not greater than 500 nm per 90 &lgr;m side square as measured with an atomic force microscope, and the tape has a curvature of 3 to 30% of the tape width per meter.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprising a magnetic layer, a flexible support and a backing layer in this order, wherein the backing layer comprises: a nonmagnetic inorganic particle having an acicular ratio of from 3 to 15; and a carbon black having an average particle size of from 10 to 50 nm in a mass ratio of A/B=from 60/40 to 90/10, and the backing layer has a glass transition point of from 80 to 140° C.

Abstract: A magnetic recording tape comprising: a magnetic layer comprising a ferromagnetic powder and a binder; a nonmagnetic layer; a support; and a back coating layer, in this order, wherein the magnetic layer comprises, as the binder, a polyurethane resin comprising a dimer diol as a diol component, the back coating layer comprises nonmagnetic inorganic powders and from 1 to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of a total amount of the nonmagnetic inorganic powders, of a lubricant, and a number of protrusions having a height, as measured by an atomic force microscope, of from 30 to 100 nm present on a surface of the back coating layer is from 10 to 1,000 per a 90-&mgr;m square.

Abstract: A magnetic recording tape comprising: a magnetic layer comprising a ferromagnetic powder and a binder; a nonmagnetic layer; a support; and a back coating layer, in this order, wherein the magnetic layer has a surface lubricant index of from 1.3 to 3.5, the back coating layer comprises titanium oxide, &agr;-iron oxide or a mixture thereof as an inorganic oxide powder and carbon black and further comprises from 10 to 30 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of a total amount of the inorganic oxide powder and the carbon black, of a binder, and the back coating layer has a surface lubricant index of from 1.10 to 3.0.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprising a magnetic layer, a support and a backing layer in this order, wherein the backing layer comprises a binder and an inorganic powder having a surface covered with an electrically conductive substance.

Abstract: A method for transmitting information included in a received packet to an upper layer of a node, including: judging whether or not a first packet satisfies a first condition, storing information which is information in the first packet and used as a part of or all of a second condition when the first packet is judged to satisfy the first condition, judging whether or not a second packet satisfies the second condition when the first packet is judged not to satisfy the first condition, and enabling information in the second packet to be transmitted to the upper layer of a node when the second packet is judged to satisfy the second condition.

Abstract: When an error is detected in a received packet, a higher application is informed that the error occurred, and when no error is detected in the received packet, the higher application is informed that the packet has been received. If a next packet is received while a packet having the detected error is stored in a data storing region, an acknowledge signal indicating that the packet cannot be received is sent to a source node, and the packet having the detected error stored in the data storing region is invalidated by a request from the higher application. When the error is detected in a received packet, that packet stored in the data storing region is invalidated.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprising: a magnetic layer comprising a ferromagnetic powder and a binder; a non-magnetic support; and a backcoating layer comprising a non-magnetic powder and a binder, in this order, wherein the backcoating layer comprises 0.3 to 5% by weight of at least one of a fatty acid having 10 to 26 carbon atoms and an ester thereof, the backcoating layer has projections having a height of 100 nm or smaller as measured with an atomic force microscope, and a density of projections on the backcoating layer which have a height of 25 to 100 nm as measured with an atomic force microscope is 1000 or fewer per 90 &mgr;m side square.

Abstract: On the basis of information of a topology map, a parent node ID list is generated to show correspondence of ID of each node to that of its parent node. Information given by the parent node ID list is transmitted as connection display data in a predetermined format. The receiving side, on the basis of the received connection display data, obtains information of a connecting status display to display connecting status of a network. On the basis of this information, a display to show connecting status of the network is displayed.

Abstract: On the basis of information of a topology map, a parent node ID list is generated to show correspondence of ID of each node to that of its parent node. Information given by the parent node ID list is transmitted as connection display data in a predetermined format. The receiving side, on the basis of the received connection display data, obtains information of a connecting status display to display connecting status of a network. On the basis of this information, a display to show connecting status of the network is displayed.

Abstract: The invention concerns a gas diffuser constructed and arranged to disperse gas into a aeration vessel of a water treatment assembly from a blower. The gas diffuser includes main pipes, branch pipes extending between the main pipes and containing gas discharge ports, wherein the branch pipes have a smaller cross-sectional area than the cross-sectional area of the main pipes. The gas discharge ports are further sized, constructed and arranged to reduce the possibility or likelihood of sludge from blocking the ports or entering the branch pipes. This object is achieved either by placement of the ports on the bottom sides of the branch pipes or, alternatively, by construction of the ports to include conduit members, themselves having an arrangement of openings or coverings to prevent or reduce the likelihood of sludge from blocking the ports or entering the branch pipes.

Abstract: A method for cleaning separating membranes uses a uniquely formulated detergent. The detergent includes a percarbonate-containing, material, existing in the condition in which hydrogen peroxide is adducted in carbonate and is desirably an alkali metal salt. The percarbonate decomposes the organisms deposited on the membrane surfaces while being environmentally desirable. The detergent preferably also includes at least one bivalent iron salt, which improves the cleaning capability of the percarbonate via the so-called Fenton's reaction in which hydrogen peroxide adducted in the percarbonate reacts with the iron ions to form OH— radicals which have a very high oxidative reactivity. The detergent may also contain other oxidizers, a surfactant, a chelating agent, an acid and a pH regulator. The detergent is dissolved in water prior to use.

Abstract: A membrane separator assembly for separating solids from water includes opposing enclosure wall structures, a membrane module unit, and a gas diffuser disposed below the membrane module unit. The membrane module unit includes a plurality of membrane modules respectively having at least one separating membrane extending between at least two membrane fixing members. At least one of the membrane fixing members has a main passage which is in fluid communication with a membrane passageway. The membrane passageway is accessible to water via permeation through the separating membranes and is inaccessible to solids which are impermeable relative to the separating membranes. The membrane separator assembly is preferably used with a detergent containing percarbonate, preferably sodium percarbonate. The assembly also includes a gas diffuser with two opposing main pipes and branch pipes extending therebetween to avoid undesired pressure differentials when cleaning the assembly.

Abstract: A novel monophosphate and a novel diphosphate prepared by a phosphatidyl transfer reaction of a phospholipid and an alcohol in the presence of phospholipase D are disclosed. The phosphates can independently or together form small and stable liposomes which can include active components therein. Cosmetic compositions comprising these phosphates or liposomes penetrate well into the hair and the skin, and exhibit long-lasting excellent moisture-retaining, beauty, skin-activation effects.