Abstract: A problem addressed by an embodiment of the present invention lies in providing a UBM structure which includes thin layers and can prevent diffusion of solder into an electrode. The UBM structure according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a first UBM layer on an electrode, a second UBM layer on the first UBM layer, and a passivated metal layer between the first UBM layer and the second UBM layer. The passivated metal layer functions as a barrier layer with respect to solder diffusion.

Abstract: An embodiment relates to a group II-VI semiconductor wafer of a radiation detector, and an embodiment relates to a method for producing same. An embodiment of the present invention provides a group II-VI semiconductor of a radiation detector enabling reduction or restriction of the edge effect (or the end surface effect) and a method for producing same. An embodiment of the present invention provides a radiation detector obtained by half-cutting or full-cutting a group II-VI semiconductor wafer having a zinc blende structure in which the wafer has a {001} plane main surface, and cut planes according to the half-cutting or full-cutting have an angle ? (?0°) relative to the slip direction of the wafer.

Abstract: An embodiment relates to a group II-VI semiconductor radiation detector, and an embodiment relates to a method for producing same. An embodiment of the present invention provides a radiation detector enabling reduction or restriction of the edge effect (or the end surface effect) and a method for producing same. An embodiment of the present invention provides a radiation detector obtained by half-cutting or full-cutting a group II-VI semiconductor wafer having a zinc blende structure in which the wafer has a {001} plane main surface, and cut planes according to the half-cutting or full-cutting have an angle ? (?°) relative to the slip direction of the wafer.

Abstract: A problem addressed by an embodiment of the present invention lies in providing a UBM structure which includes thin layers and can prevent diffusion of solder into an electrode. The UBM structure according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a first UBM layer on an electrode, a second UBM layer on the first UBM layer, and a passivated metal layer between the first UBM layer and the second UBM layer. The passivated metal layer functions as a barrier layer with respect to solder diffusion.

Abstract: A detector element is disclosed, including a semiconducting converter element and a number of pixilated contacts arranged thereon. A radiation detector is also disclosed including such a detector element, along with a medical device having one or more such radiation detectors. Finally, a method for producing a detector element is disclosed, which includes forming pixelated contacts by way of a photolithographic process on the semiconducting converter element using a lithographic mask arranged on a converter element protective layer.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an exhaust gas purifying system for an internal combustion engine in which the rise of the temperature of an HC adsorbent is adequately retarded to improve the purification of HC at the start of the engine.In an exhaust system of the internal combustion engine, there are provided a three-way catalyst provided in the downstream side of an exhaust manifold, an adsorbent-catalyst provided under the floor of an automotive vehicle and containing at least zeolite in its composition, and a catalyst provided in the downstream side of the adsorbent-catalyst. In particular, the heat capacity of an exhaust gas passage which connects between the three-way catalyst and the adsorbent-catalyst is increased greater than the heat capacity of the exhaust manifold. More particularly, the thickness of a wall of the exhaust gas passage is greater than that of the exhaust manifold. A substrate, a partition, or a muffler is provided across the exhaust gas passage.

Abstract: In an exhaust system of the internal combustion engine, there are provided, in this order from upstream, a three-way catalyst, an adsorbent-catalyst containing at least zeolite in its composition and capable of absorbing hydrocarbons, an electrically heated catalyst containing at least platinum in its composition, and a catalyst containing at least palladium in its composition. The electrically heated catalyst can effectively purify low boiling-point HC of paraffinic hydrocarbon which has been desorbed from the adsorbent-catalyst after about 20 seconds from the start of the engine. On the other hand, the catalyst can effectively purify high boiling-point HC of aromatic hydrocarbon which has been desorbed from the adsorbent-catalyst after about 80 seconds from the start of the engine. When the catalyst is an electrically heated catalyst, it is energized after the energization of the other electrically heated catalyst is ended and the supply of electric power can hence be minimized.

Abstract: A reduction gear for producing and feeding the rotation of a low pressure turbine driven by a combustion gas generated in a combustor to an output shaft is received in a central opening of a rotary type heat exchanger which is disposed so as to be perpendicular to a turbine shaft at a rear portion of a body housing of a gas turbine engine. As a result, not only the engine can be made small but also the output can be produced at to the opposite side of the heat exchanger. The combustor and a collector housing for collecting combustion gas are disposed on diametrical opposite sides in a transverse cross section of the body housing whereby an internal space of the body housing is effectively utilized and an axial dimension of the engine is shortened. Since the compressed air is supplied to the heat exchanger through peripheral walls of the body housing having a double construction, prevention of heat radiation from the body housing and effective utilization of an internal space of the body housing are realized.

Abstract: An engine control system comprising a variable valve actuating mechanism for an engine which may consists of a mechanism capable of varying valve timing, a variable capacity supercharger which may consists of a turbocharger provided with moveable vanes for varying a cross sectional area of an exhaust gas passage leading to a turbine wheel, and a control unit for controlling a valve actuating operation of the valve actuating mechanism and a capacity varying operation of the variable capacity supercharger. The capacity of the supercharger is controlled by taking into account the operating conditions of the valve actuating mechanism. Thus, the control unit is capable of achieving a precise and prompt control action, and, by appropriately determining the control plan, it is possible to increase the maximum output of the engine and/or to reduce strain on the engine.

Abstract: In a cooling system for a multi-cylinder engine, a main gallery is provided around outer peripheral portions of the plurality of cylinder bores upstream a block-side coolant jacket to commonly surround the cylinder bores, and an upstream coolant gallery is provided between the block-side coolant jacket and the main coolant gallery to separately surround each of outer peripheries of the cylinder bores. The upstream coolant gallery and the main coolant gallery is in communication with each other through a constriction communication passage provided around the outer periphery of each of the cylinder bores, and the upstream coolant gallery is further in communication with an upstream end of the block-side coolant jacket.

Abstract: A valve operation mode changing system for the intake or exhaust valves of an internal combustion engine is controlled in response to engine speed and temperature of the working oil utilized in the system in such a way as to permit the valve operating mode to be changed from a low-speed to a high-speed mode in response to engine speed requirements only when the temperature of the working oil exceeds a predetermined value. The system also provides for terminating fuel supply to the engine when the temperature of the working oil is below a predetermined temperature and the speed of the engine exceeds a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A method of controlling supercharging pressure in an internal combustion engine by means of a basic control amount dependent upon operating conditions of the engine. A change rate of the supercharging pressure is detected. When the supercharging pressure is in a transient state where it is increasing, the basic control means is corrected in response to the detected change rate of the supercharging pressure, in such a manner that the supercharging pressure increases at a predetermined rate.

Abstract: A method for controlling the air/fuel ratio of the intake air mixture supplied to an internal combustion engine having multiple cylinders and a valve operating mechanism for switching the magnitude of the intake valve openings for low and high speed operation. The method includes the step of providing a lean air/fuel ratio at low speeds and the step of gradually varying the air/fuel ratio of a range of engine speeds that include the speed at which the valve operation is switched to avoid any possible abrupt change in engine output upon switching the valve operation.

Abstract: A method of controlling supercharging pressure in an internal combustion engine having a supercharger with an increase rate-varying device for varying the rate of increase of the supercharging pressure. The supercharging pressure is controlled to a desired value in response to the difference between the actual value of the supercharging pressure and the desired value. The increase rate-varying device is held in a position for obtaining the maximum rate of increase of the supercharging pressure while the actual value of the supercharging pressure is below a predetermined value which is lower than the desired value. The predetermined value is set to a lower value as the rate of increase of the supercharging pressure increases, or when a transmission of the engine is in a lower of two or more speed positions of the transmission. Also, the predetermined value of the supercharging pressure is set to a lower value as the actual intake air temperature decreases.

Abstract: A valve operating control device for an internal combustion engine having a valve operating mode changing mechanism for switching the opening/closing operation of an intake or exhaust valve between a low-speed operation mode corresponding to a low-speed operation of the engine and a high-speed operation mode corresponding to a high-speed operation of the engine. A control device controls the operation of the valve operation mode changing mechanism according to the rotational speed of the engine for shifting the valve operation mode changing mechanism from the high-speed mode to the low-speed mode where the output torque of the engine is the same in the low- and high-speed operation modes of the valve operation mode changing mechanism and for shifting the valve operation mode changing mechanism from the low-speed operation mode to the high-speed operation mode at a second rotational speed that is higher than the first rotational speed.

Abstract: A method of controlling supercharging pressure in an internal combustion engine, wherein the supercharging pressure is controlled by controlling a control amount for operating a supercharging pressure control device. The control amount is controlled in feedback control mode responsive to the difference between the actual value of the supercharging pressure and a desired value thereof when the supercharging pressure is in a steady state, and at the same time a learned value of the correction value is obtained by calculating values of same applied during the feedback control. The control amount is controlled in open loop control mode based upon the learned value when the supercharging pressure is in a transient state. The calculation of the learned value is inhibited when a predetermined condition is satisfied during the steady state. The predetermined condition is satisfied when the desired value of the supercharging pressure is set to a different value than a normal value set during the steady state.

Abstract: A method of controlling the operation of engine valves in an internal combustion engine, dependent on the rotational speed of the engine, by controlling a valve operation changing mechanism capable of opening and closing the engine valves selectively in a low-speed mode of operation corresponding to low-speed operation of the engine and a high-speed mode of operation corresponding to high-speed operation of the engine, the method includes the steps of determining the rotational speed of the engine at which the output torque produced by the engine when the valve operation changing mechanism is in the low-speed mode of operation and the output torque produced by the engine when the valve operation changing mechanism is in the high-speed mode of operation are of a certain relationship to each other and selecting a switching rotational speed for switching operation of the valve operation changing mechanism based on said determined engine rotational speed.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are described for determining the operability, or lack thereof, of a hydraulic pressure-operated selective coupling mechanism for operating an intake valve or an exhaust valve of an internal combustion engine during various modes of engine operation wherein a control means employed to operate the control valve effective for supplying hydraulic pressure to the mechanism is imparted with an indication of the selected mode of intake or exhaust valve operation and of the hydraulic pressure supplied to the mechanism and is operative to compare such indications to determine whether or not they coincide.

Abstract: The boost pressure of a blower such as a turbocharger or a supercharger which is driven by the exhaust gas or the power output from an engine is controlled under closed-loop control when the boost pressure is in a steady state, and under open-loop control when the boost pressure is in a transient state. When the boost pressure is in the transient state, the open-loop control which may be map control is carried out for relatively good accuracy and high stability. When the boost pressure is in the steady state, the closed-loop control, i.e., highly accurate feedback control, is effected. Therefore, an improved response and stability can be achieved in boost pressure control.

Abstract: A method for controlling an operating state of an internal combustion engine by varying the amount of the fuel according to the pressure level in the intake air passage downstream of the throttle valve, comprises a step for sampling a signal of the pressure level in the intake air passage, a step for correcting the sampled value by adding a value corresponding to a difference between a latest sampled value and a preceding sampled value, to the latest sampled value, and a step for controlling the fuel supply amount according to the corrected value. The method further includes a step for controlling the level of the corrected value to a predetermined value when the level of the corrected value is becoming greater than the predetermined value, to prevent the generation of an overshoot in the corrected value which might cause an adverse affect on the air/fuel ratio control.