Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal display device in which incorporation of an organic compound into liquid crystal due to a display defect can be reduced to a great extent. In the liquid crystal display device, a film containing a hydrocarbon represented by the formula CnH2n+2, in which n is from 5 to 30, is formed on a face, which comes in contact with the liquid crystal, of each of a pair of substrates which are arranged in a manner of facing each other via the liquid crystal.

Abstract: A normal transistor CTFT connected to a data signal line DL and a pixel electrode PX and a spare transistor FTFT in a floating state are formed on a gate line GL. When an operational abnormality occurs in the normal transistor CTFT, the normal transistor CTFT is cut off from the data signal line DL and the pixel electrode PX by cutting lines CL. The spare transistor FTFT is connected to the data signal line DL and the pixel electrode PX by repair lines RL.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal display device in which incorporation of an organic compound into liquid crystal due to a display defect can be reduced to a great extent. In the liquid crystal display device, a film containing a hydrocarbon represented by the formula CnH2n+2, in which n is from 5 to 30, is formed on a face, which comes in contact with the liquid crystal, of each of a pair of substrates which are arranged in a manner of facing each other via the liquid crystal.

Abstract: A light modulating device comprising a pair of electrode substrates having supported therebetween an electrically light modulating material containing a liquid crystal and a polymer, in which said light modulating material further contains (1) a combination of a dichroic dye having a maximum absorption in the wavelength region of from 400 to 489 nm, a dichroic dye having a maximum absorption in the wavelength region of from 490 to 559 nm, and a dichroic dye having a maximum absorption in the wavelength region of from 560 to 699 nm and/or (2) a near infrared- to infrared-absorbing dichroic dye having a maximum absorption in the wavelength region of 700 nm or more. The light modulating device exhibits high performance in controlling transmission of visible to infrared light and a high contrast between "on" and "off" states.