Abstract: A temperature sensing device for permanently indicating when a product is exposed to ambient temperatures exceeding a maximum permitted temperature of the product for a time period long enough to permanently damage the product. In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature sensing device is typically located on the protective cover of a battery away from terminals and the battery casing. The temperature sensing device is made of a material to permanently expand and/or shrink upon reaching critical temperatures (e.g. too hot). The expansion is visually detectable by means of a visual indicator and/or reference point.

Abstract: In an arrangement for charging a battery in a battery plant, a resistive network is situated in the charging path of a battery being charged to guarantee a minimum total resistance of the added resistance and the battery's internal resistance regardless of the thermal effect of reducing the battery's internal resistance. A diode path bypasses the resistive network during discharging of the battery to reduce power dissipation. Charging current is controlled in response to a temperature of a heat sink on which the resistive network is mounted. Ambient temperature is used as a control or in another arrangement as a controlling factor in controlling charging current. Battery temperature may also be used as a control or in another arrangement as a controlling factor in controlling charging current.