Abstract: A combustible solid fuel source in the form of a log is formed from a base material of a cellulosic or fibrous organic material which is compressed in a screw press up to 20,000 pounds to a density in the range 50 to 85 lbs/cu ft. The log is cut to length and partly immersed in a bath of a combustible vegetable oil which absorbed into the base material as it slightly expands such that the content of oil is less than 50% by weight and generally of the order of 30% where the log is dry to the touch and the oil is entirely contained without the need for an external covering of wax or the like. The base material is selected from lumber, agricultural waste or animal waste to contain fibers such that the content of ash when the source has been fully combusted is generally less than 2% by weight with very little contaminants.

Abstract: An apparatus for extracting liquid from a biomass material for removal or recovery by compaction uses an auger with multiple flights within a barrel to compress the biomass material such as straw, sawdust, or flax waste which can contain up to 50% liquid content through a discharge end of the barrel. The material is forced by inclined tips on the end of the auger flights into a polygonal forming barrel which includes a slotted section such that the liquid content is released from the material under the high temperature and pressure generated by the auger through the slots. This way, the machine uses the same mechanical process to both compact and dry out the biomass material, thereby reducing or eliminating the need to dry the biomass material in a separate prior process.

Abstract: A method of treating hydroxide alkaline waste and by-products to render the material neutralized or reduced in pH from near 14 to a minimum lower limit of about 5.3 based on aluminum poly cation salts, rendering the waste or by-product stream suitable for ultimate disposal or reuse. The method comprises contacting together a mixture of moderate to high alkaline waste or by-product material with a pH in the range of 7.5-14, with sufficient water added or found within the alkaline material, with one or more poly cationic salts in the dry form taken from a group of salts containing tri-valent aluminum, tri-valent iron, di-valent calcium, di-valent magnesium, di-valent manganese, di-valent zinc, or any polyvalent cationic salt that is soluble in water to a minimum extent of 0.