Abstract: A photovoltaic system is described that improves solar energy absorption efficiency by resolving light into constituent colors using dispersive optics. The system reduces a blurring effect of a light beam while ensuring that the system's bulkiness is not increased. The photovoltaic system disperses a focused light beam into constituent colors (spectrum) and provisions for sufficient expansion of the light beam. The photovoltaic system re-focuses the dispersed light beam that results in a reduction of the beam size, while the beam is being exposed to photovoltaic cells that convert the incident light energy into electrical energy.

Abstract: A method of preparing silver nanoparticles, including silver nanorings. A zinc oxide thin film is formed initially by direct-current sputtering of a zinc target onto a substrate. A silver thin film is then formed by a similar sputtering technique, of a silver target onto the zinc oxide thin film. After that, the silver thin film is subject to an annealing treatment. The temperature, duration and atmosphere of the annealing treatment can be varied to control the average particle size, average distance between particles (density), particle size distribution of the silver nanoparticles. In at least one embodiment, silver nanoparticles of ring structure are produced.

Abstract: The hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite-based solar cell with copper oxide as a hole transport material includes a transparent conducting film layer (12) sandwiched between a glass substrate (11) and a titanium dioxide layer (14). The transparent conducting film layer (12) can be fluorine-doped tin oxide. A lead methylammonium tri-iodide perovskite layer (16) is formed on the titanium dioxide layer (14), such that the titanium dioxide layer (14) is sandwiched between the lead methylammonium tri-iodide perovskite layer (16) and the transparent conducting film layer (12). A layer of copper oxide (Cu2O) (18), as a hole transport material, is formed on the lead methylammonium tri-iodide perovskite layer (16). The lead methylammonium tri-iodide perovskite layer (16) is sandwiched between the layer of hole transport material (18) and the titanium dioxide layer (14). A gold contact (20) is formed on the layer of hole transport material (18).

Abstract: A method of preparing silver nanoparticles, including silver nanorings. A zinc oxide thin film is formed initially by direct-current sputtering of a zinc target onto a substrate. A silver thin film is then formed by a similar sputtering technique, of a silver target onto the zinc oxide thin film. After that, the silver thin film is subject to an annealing treatment. The temperature, duration and atmosphere of the annealing treatment can be varied to control the average particle size, average distance between particles (density), particle size distribution of the silver nanoparticles. In at least one embodiment, silver nanoparticles of ring structure are produced.

Abstract: A method of preparing silver nanoparticles, including silver nanorings. A zinc oxide thin film is formed initially by direct-current sputtering of a zinc target onto a substrate. A silver thin film is then formed by a similar sputtering technique, of a silver target onto the zinc oxide thin film. After that, the silver thin film is subject to an annealing treatment. The temperature, duration and atmosphere of the annealing treatment can be varied to control the average particle size, average distance between particles (density), particle size distribution of the silver nanoparticles. In at least one embodiment, silver nanoparticles of ring structure are produced.

Abstract: A photovoltaic system is described that improves energy efficiency (conversion of solar energy to electrical energy) by beam-splitting, via reflective filters, the incident solar light into a reflective portion and an exit portion. The reflective portion and the exit portion are directed to respective photovoltaic cells that convert the incident light energy into electrical energy. The concentrated solar light is collimated then split via reflective filters saving on the reflective filter area and reducing overall bulkiness of the beam-splitting system. Further, a cascade of multiple filters is used to split either the reflected spectra or the exit spectra of solar light.

Abstract: A method of preparing silver nanoparticles, including silver nanorings. A zinc oxide thin film is formed initially by direct-current sputtering of a zinc target onto a substrate. A silver thin film is then formed by a similar sputtering technique, of a silver target onto the zinc oxide thin film. After that, the silver thin film is subject to an annealing treatment. The temperature, duration and atmosphere of the annealing treatment can be varied to control the average particle size, average distance between particles (density), particle size distribution of the silver nanoparticles. In at least one embodiment, silver nanoparticles of ring structure are produced.

Abstract: A photovoltaic system is described that improves solar energy absorption efficiency by resolving light into constituent colors using dispersive optics. The system reduces a blurring effect of a light beam while ensuring that the system's bulkiness is not increased. The photovoltaic system disperses a focused light beam into constituent colors (spectrum) and provisions for sufficient expansion of the light beam. The photovoltaic system re-focuses the dispersed light beam that results in a reduction of the beam size, while the beam is being exposed to photovoltaic cells that convert the incident light energy into electrical energy.

Abstract: A photovoltaic system is described that improves energy efficiency (conversion of solar energy to electrical energy) by beam-splitting, via reflective filters, the incident solar light into a reflective portion and an exit portion. The reflective portion and the exit portion are directed to respective photovoltaic cells that convert the incident light energy into electrical energy. The concentrated solar light is collimated then split via reflective filters saving on the reflective filter area and reducing overall bulkiness of the beam-splitting system. Further, a cascade of multiple filters is used to split either the reflected spectra or the exit spectra of solar light.