Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for protecting solar panels from damage due to overheating. A system comprises a solar panel and a control system. The solar panel comprises a plurality of solar cells, and a plurality of thermochromic temperature sensors thermally coupled to different areas of the solar panel. The thermochromic temperature sensors are configured to change color in response to heat generated by the solar cells in the different areas of the solar panel. The control system is configured to detect colors of the thermochromic temperature sensors, determine a temperature of each area of the solar panel based on the detected colors of the thermochromic temperature sensors, and cause the solar panel to shut down in response to determining that the temperature of at least one area of the solar panel exceeds a predetermined temperature threshold.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for protecting solar panels from damage due to overheating. A system comprises a solar panel and a control system. The solar panel comprises a plurality of solar cells, and a plurality of thermochromic temperature sensors thermally coupled to different areas of the solar panel. The thermochromic temperature sensors are configured to change color in response to heat generated by the solar cells in the different areas of the solar panel. The control system is configured to detect colors of the thermochromic temperature sensors, determine a temperature of each area of the solar panel based on the detected colors of the thermochromic temperature sensors, and cause the solar panel to shut down in response to determining that the temperature of at least one area of the solar panel exceeds a predetermined temperature threshold.

Abstract: Systems and methods for assembling a structure onto a substrate include an array of programmable magnets disposed beneath a substrate, wherein a magnetic field is applied to the structure to levitate the structure above the substrate while the structure is moved relative to the substrate to align the structure with a corresponding recess formed in the substrate. A magnetic field may be applied to translate and rotate the structure relative to the substrate. Differences between or among the programmable magnets regarding magnetic polarity, energized versus de-energized status, and magnetic field strength may be used to move the structure relative to the substrate in conjunction with a closed-loop control system. A bonded substrate assembly and a method of bonding a first wafer to a second wafer include wherein the first wafer includes a projection and the second wafer includes a matching depression.

Abstract: Systems and methods for assembling a structure onto a substrate include an array of programmable magnets disposed beneath a substrate, wherein a magnetic field is applied to the structure to levitate the structure above the substrate while the structure is moved relative to the substrate to align the structure with a corresponding recess formed in the substrate. A magnetic field may be applied to translate and rotate the structure relative to the substrate. Differences between or among the programmable magnets regarding magnetic polarity, energized versus de-energized status, and magnetic field strength may be used to move the structure relative to the substrate in conjunction with a closed-loop control system. A bonded substrate assembly and a method of bonding a first wafer to a second wafer include wherein the first wafer includes a projection and the second wafer includes a matching depression.