Abstract: Techniques for training for and determining a confidence of an output of a machine learning model are disclosed. Such techniques include, in some embodiments, receiving, from the machine learning model configured to receive information associated with a data object, information associated with a predicted structure for the data object; encoding, using a second machine learning model, the information associated with the predicted structure for the data object to produce encoded input channels; evaluating, using the second machine learning model, the information associated with the data object with the encoded input channels; and based on the evaluating, determining, using the second machine learning model, a probability of correctness of the predicted structure for the data object.