Abstract: A dimensionality analysis method, system, and computer program product, include defining a grammar that describes an admissible relationship between quantities in a data set, discovering symbolic expressions that intrinsically account for a dimensionality analysis based on the grammar, conducting a search that determines which valid expression in the data set satisfy the grammar, and selecting the expression that fits the dataset and minimizes a measure of a complexity of the expression.

Abstract: Photovoltaic devices based on an Ag2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (AZTSSe) absorber and techniques for formation thereof are provided. In one aspect, a method for forming a photovoltaic device includes the steps of: coating a substrate with a conductive layer; contacting the substrate with an Ag source, a Zn source, a Sn source, and at least one of a S source and a Se source under conditions sufficient to form an absorber layer on the conductive layer having Ag, Zn, Sn, and at least one of S and Se; and annealing the absorber layer. Methods of doping the AZTSSe are provided. A photovoltaic device is also provided.

Abstract: Inclinometers with a parallel dipole line (PDL) trap system are provided. In one aspect, an inclinometer includes: a PDL trap having a pair of dipole line magnets, a transparent tube in between the dipole line magnets, and a diamagnetic object within the transparent tube, wherein the diamagnetic object is levitating in between the dipole line magnets; and a sensing system for determining a position z of the diamagnetic object in the PDL trap and for determining an inclination angle ? using the position z of the diamagnetic object in the PDL trap. Techniques to detect the diamagnetic object position using optical, capacitive and manual methods are described. A method for determining an inclination angle ? using the present inclinometers is also provided.

Abstract: An accelerometer without internal mechanical attachments. Three parallel cylindrical magnets are fixed within a housing. Each cylindrical magnet has a long axis extending through the housing and a cylindrical cross-section. The cylindrical cross-sections of the cylindrical magnets are organized to form a triangular formation. The magnetization of the cylindrical magnets is tangential to the triangular formation. A diamagnetic mass object levitates within the three cylindrical magnets by the magnetization of the cylindrical magnets at an equilibrium position near the center of the triangular formation and near a central axis of the three parallel cylindrical magnets when no external force is applied. Sensors detect the location of the diamagnetic mass object when the diamagnetic mass object is displaced from the equilibrium position near the center of the triangular formation and the three parallel cylindrical magnets by an external force to the housing.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for constructing photo-electrodes. Hydrogenated crystalline silicon is disposed over an absorption layer, wherein the hydrogenated crystalline silicon is attached to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Metal electrodes are disposed over the SAMs. Surface passivation is achieved by the hydrogenated crystalline silicon and the SAMs. Resistance to surface corrosion is provided by the SAMs.

Abstract: Vacuum annealing-based techniques for forming perovskite materials are provided. In one aspect, a method of forming a perovskite material is provided. The method includes the steps of: depositing a metal halide layer on a sample substrate; and vacuum annealing the metal halide layer and methylammonium halide under conditions sufficient to form methylammonium halide vapor which reacts with the metal halide layer and forms the perovskite material on the sample substrate. A perovskite-based photovoltaic device and method of formation thereof are also provided.

Abstract: A motor-actuator device using a PDL trap system is provided. In one aspect, a motor-actuator device includes: a PDL trap having a pair of diametric magnets, and a levitated diamagnetic rotor in between the diametric magnets, wherein at least a portion of the diamagnetic rotor has a rectangular shape; and an electrode shell having at least one pair of semicircular electrodes which surround, but are in a non-contact position with the levitated diamagnetic rotor and each other. A system including the motor-actuator device and an electrode driver circuit is also provided, as is a method of operating the motor-actuator device.

Abstract: A tunable and resettable shock sensor using a parallel dipole line (PDL) trap system is provided. In one aspect, a shock sensor includes: a PDL trap having a pair of diametric magnets separated from one another by a gap gM, and a diamagnetic rod levitating in between the diametric magnets; and contact pads below the PDL trap, wherein the contact pads are separated from one another by a space that is less than a length l of the diamagnetic rod. A shock monitoring system is also provided that includes a network of the shock sensors, as is a method for shock monitoring using the shock sensors.

Abstract: Inclinometers with a parallel dipole line (PDL) trap system are provided. In one aspect, an inclinometer includes: a PDL trap having a pair of dipole line magnets, a transparent tube in between the dipole line magnets, and a diamagnetic object within the transparent tube, wherein the diamagnetic object is levitating in between the dipole line magnets; and a sensing system for determining a position z of the diamagnetic object in the PDL trap and for determining an inclination angle ? using the position z of the diamagnetic object in the PDL trap. Techniques to detect the diamagnetic object position using optical, capacitive and manual methods are described. A method for determining an inclination angle ? using the present inclinometers is also provided.

Abstract: A high sensitivity force gauge using a magnetic PDL trap system is provided. In one aspect, a force gauge includes: a PDL trap having a pair of dipole line magnets and a diamagnetic rod levitating above the dipole line magnets; an actuator with an extension bar adjacent to the PDL trap; a first object of interest attached to the diamagnetic rod; and a second object of interest attached to the extension bar, wherein the actuator is configured to move the second object of interest toward or away from the PDL trap via the extension bar. A method for force measurement using the present force gauge is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high-sensitivity, carrier-resolved photo-Hall and photoelectromagnet (PEM) system utilizing multiple parallel dipole line (PDL) magnet systems. In one aspect of the invention, a Hall measurement apparatus is provided. The Hall measurement apparatus includes: a measurement chamber (e.g., a cryostat); a Hall module having at least one freely-rotating cylindrical magnet within the measurement chamber; a motor-driven cylindrical magnet adjacent to the at least one freely-rotating cylindrical magnet; an optical module for photo-Hall measurement, a set of electronics instruments and a data and signal analysis program for n-th harmonics lock-in detection of magnetoresistance signal and a control program. The system yields majority carrier type, density and mobility and, with illumination, minority carrier mobility and density.

Abstract: A high sensitivity force gauge using a magnetic PDL trap system is provided. In one aspect, a force gauge includes: a PDL trap having a pair of dipole line magnets and a diamagnetic rod levitating above the dipole line magnets; an actuator with an extension bar adjacent to the PDL trap; a first object of interest attached to the diamagnetic rod; and a second object of interest attached to the extension bar, wherein the actuator is configured to move the second object of interest toward or away from the PDL trap via the extension bar. A method for force measurement using the present force gauge is also provided.

Abstract: A magnetic trap is configured to arrange at least one diamagnetic rod. The magnetic trap includes first and second magnets on a substrate that forms the magnetic trap defining a template configured to self-assemble diamagnetic material. Each of the first and second magnets extends along a longitudinal direction to define a magnet length, and contact each other to define a contact line. The first magnet and the second magnet have a diametric magnetization in a direction perpendicular to the contact line and the longitudinal direction so as to generate a longitudinal energy potential that traps the diamagnetic rod along the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: Techniques for gas analysis using a parallel dipole line (PDL) trap viscometer are provided. In one aspect, a gas analysis system is provided which includes: a PDL trap including: a pair of diametric cylindrical magnets, and a diamagnetic rod levitating above the magnets; and a motion detector for capturing motion of the diamagnetic rod. The motion detector can include a digital video camera positioned facing a top of the PDL trap so as to permit capturing video images of the diamagnetic rod and the system can include a computer for receiving and analyzing video images from the video camera. Methods for measuring gas viscosity and pressure using the PDL trap system are also provided.

Abstract: A magnetic trap is configured to arrange at least one diamagnetic rod. The magnetic trap includes first and second magnets on a substrate that forms the magnetic trap defining a template configured to self-assemble diamagnetic material. Each of the first and second magnets extends along a longitudinal direction to define a magnet length, and contact each other to define a contact line. The first magnet and the second magnet have a diametric magnetization in a direction perpendicular to the contact line and the longitudinal direction so as to generate a longitudinal energy potential that traps the diamagnetic rod along the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and system for decreasing random motions of a levitated diamagnetic cylinder is provided. Embodiments of the present invention utilizes a parallel dipole line (PDL) trap system to trap a diamagnetic object. The trap consists of a magnetic parallel dipole line system made of a pair of transversely magnetized (or diametric) cylindrical magnets. A diamagnetic object such as graphite rod can be trapped at the center. The system includes a differential photodetector pair, a differential amplifier, a differentiator, a proportional integral differential (PID) feedback controller and electrode voltage drive system. The feedback control system will minimize the speed of the trapped rod thus lowering its effective temperature. The system can be used to minimize intrinsic noise and enhance the precision in various sensing applications using a parallel dipole line trap.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device includes a substrate, a first electrode formed on the substrate and a p-type absorber layer including a chalcogenide compound. An n-type layer includes a zinc oxysulfide material having a sulfur content adjusted to match a feature of the absorber layer. A transparent contact is formed on the n-type layer.

Abstract: Photovoltaic devices based on an Ag2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (AZTSSe) absorber and techniques for formation thereof are provided. In one aspect, a method for forming a photovoltaic device includes the steps of: coating a substrate with a conductive layer; contacting the substrate with an Ag source, a Zn source, a Sn source, and at least one of a S source and a Se source under conditions sufficient to form an absorber layer on the conductive layer having Ag, Zn, Sn, and at least one of S and Se; and annealing the absorber layer. Methods of doping the AZTSSe are provided. A photovoltaic device is also provided.

Abstract: Techniques for gas analysis using a parallel dipole line (PDL) trap viscometer are provided. In one aspect, a gas analysis system is provided which includes: a PDL trap including: a pair of diametric cylindrical magnets, and a diamagnetic rod levitating above the magnets; and a motion detector for capturing motion of the diamagnetic rod. The motion detector can include a digital video camera positioned facing a top of the PDL trap so as to permit capturing video images of the diamagnetic rod and the system can include a computer for receiving and analyzing video images from the video camera. Methods for measuring gas viscosity and pressure using the PDL trap system are also provided.

Abstract: A highly sensitive gravimeter using a magnetic parallel dipole line (PDL) trap system is provided. In one aspect, a gravimeter includes: a vacuum enclosure; a PDL trap within the vacuum enclosure, the PDL trap having a pair of dipole line magnets, and a diamagnetic rod levitating in between the dipole line magnets; and a heater and temperature sensor within the vacuum enclosure configured to maintain a constant temperature within the vacuum enclosure that is greater than a temperature outside of the vacuum enclosure and precision frequency measurement system. The frequency of the oscillation of the trapped diamagnetic rod will yield the local gravitational acceleration. Methods for measuring a local gravitational field using the present gravimeter are also provided.