Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out Raman spectroscopy on a sample includes a light source for providing a beam of excitation radiation, and an optical system including a spectrograph. The spectrograph includes a grating that divides a beam of scattered light into a spectrum of spatially separated wavelength components and to direct a portion of the spectrum to a detector. The spectrograph includes: 1) a first lens system for focusing the portion of the spectrum onto the detector and 2) a second lens system-configured to provide a focal plane with focal point in the optical path for focusing the beam of excitation radiation and/or the beam of scattered radiation at the focal point. The apparatus including a reference sample arranged in the focal plane, in particular at the focal point, for obtaining a reference spectrum from the reference sample.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out polarization resolved Raman spectroscopy on a sample (11), in particular a crystalline or polycrystalline sample, the apparatus comprises: at least one light source (13, 87, 93, 95, 97), in particular at least one laser, for providing excitation radiation to a surface of the sample (11), an optical system which is configured to simultaneously collect at least one on-axis Raman beam (21, 109) and at least one off-axis Raman beam (23, 111) from Raman light scattered by the sample (11) in response to exposing the surface to the excitation radiation, the at least one on-axis Raman beam (21, 109) being scattered from the sample (11) in a direction that is aligned with an optical axis of an objective (41) of the optical system for collecting the at least one on-axis Raman beam (21, 109), the at least one off-axis Raman beam being scattered from the sample in a direction that is inclined with regard to an optical axis of an objective (41) of the optical system for collecting the at l

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out polarization resolved Raman spectroscopy on a sample (15), in particular a crystalline sample, comprises: at least one light source (11), in particular at least one laser, for providing excitation radiation to a sample (15), a spectrograph (31) for dividing light from the sample (15), in particular Raman scattered light from the sample (15), into at least one spectrum of spatially separated wavelength components and for directing at least a portion of the at least one spectrum to a detector (29), in particular a CCD detector, a polarization state control element (27) for the light from the sample (15), the polarization state control element (27) being arranged in a light path of at least one light beam (25) traveling from the sample (15) towards the detector (29), and the polarization state control element (27) comprising at least one polarization sensitive optical element (45, 47), in particular a Wollaston prism, the at least one polarization sensitive optical element being

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out polarization resolved Raman spectroscopy on a sample (15), in particular a crystalline sample, comprises: at least one light source (11), in particular at least one laser, for providing excitation radiation to a sample (15), a spectrograph (31) for dividing light from the sample (15), in particular Raman scattered light from the sample (15), into at least one spectrum of spatially separated wavelength components and for directing at least a portion of the at least one spectrum to a detector (29), in particular a CCD detector, a polarization state control element (27) for the light from the sample (15), the polarization state control element (27) being arranged in a light path of at least one light beam (25) traveling from the sample (15) towards the detector (29), and the polarization state control element (27) comprising at least one polarization sensitive optical element (45, 47), in particular a Wollaston prism, the at least one polarization sensitive optical element being

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out Raman spectroscopy on a sample includes a light source for providing a beam of excitation radiation, and an optical system including a spectrograph. The spectrograph includes a grating that divides a beam of scattered light into a spectrum of spatially separated wavelength components and to direct a portion of the spectrum to a detector. The spectrograph includes: 1) a first lens system for focusing the portion of the spectrum onto the detector and 2) a second lens system-configured to provide a focal plane with focal point in the optical path for focusing the beam of excitation radiation and/or the beam of scattered radiation at the focal point. The apparatus including a reference sample arranged in the focal plane, in particular at the focal point, for obtaining a reference spectrum from the reference sample.