Abstract: A method and an apparatus for determining the calorific value parameter describing the calorific value of a gaseous fuel. The apparatus comprises a test burner with a test combustion chamber. An air ratio sensor is arranged in an exhaust gas duct of the test burner and measures an air ratio signal that corresponds to the air ratio of the exhaust gas. As a function of the received air ratio signal, at least one setting signal is generated for a test supply unit via a test control unit. The setting signal controls the amount and/or the proportion of a gaseous fuel or an oxygen-containing gas that is supplied to the test combustion chamber. A calorific value sensor arrangement is provided in the combustion chamber and has an ionization sensor and, a temperature sensor. The sensor signal of the calorific value sensor is transmitted to a determination unit.

Abstract: A method and system for using spatially modulated excitation/emission and relative movement between a particle (cell, molecule, aerosol, . . . ) and an excitation/emission pattern are provided. In at least one form, an interference pattern of the excitation light with submicron periodicity perpendicular to the particle flow is used. As the particle moves along the pattern, emission is modulated according to the speed of the particle and the periodicity of the stripe pattern. A single detector, which records the emission over a couple of stripes, can be used. The signal is recorded with a fast detector read-out in order to capture the “blinking” of the particles while they are moving through the excitation pattern. This concept enables light detection with high signal-to-noise ratio and high spatial resolution without the need of expensive and bulky optics.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing polymers with a neutral color tone, wherein a blue and red dye are added before entry into the last polyreaction stage, wherein adjustment of a neutral color tone of the polymer, using a total dye concentration in the polymer of no more than 3 ppm and a proportion of the blue dye in the resulting dye mixture of at least 50% by weight, occurs through independent adjustment of a and b color values in the Lab color space by determination of a and b color values of the polymer without addition of dyes, establishment of the total dye concentration depending on the b-value shift to be achieved, establishment of the required mixture ratio of the colors red and blue depending on the a-value shift to be achieved, and metering of the established content of dye mixture into the reaction mixture.

Abstract: In a method for monitoring the hitch of at least one trailer, which is hitchable to a tow vehicle, the tow vehicle having a steering system with which a steering angle is settable, the following steps are performed: a) detecting yaw oscillations of the tow vehicle over a certain period of time, e.g., 1 second to 3 seconds, at a constant or almost constant steering angle and above a predefinable speed of the tow vehicle without brake intervention, and b) evaluating the detected yaw oscillations for whether the amplitudes of the yaw oscillations do not fall below a predefinable amplitude threshold.

Abstract: A method and system for using spatially modulated excitation/emission and relative movement between a particle (cell, molecule, aerosol, . . . ) and an excitation/emission pattern are provided. In at least one form, an interference pattern of the excitation light with submicron periodicity perpendicular to the particle flow is used. As the particle moves along the pattern, emission is modulated according to the speed of the particle and the periodicity of the stripe pattern. A single detector, which records the emission over a couple of stripes, can be used. The signal is recorded with a fast detector read-out in order to capture the “blinking” of the particles while they are moving through the excitation pattern. This concept enables light detection with high signal-to-noise ratio and high spatial resolution without the need of expensive and bulky optics.

Abstract: A magnetic separator separates magnetic and/or magnetisable particles from a fluid with a rotatable drum, at least one magnet arrangement arranged in an interior of the drum and a separation zone through which the fluid can be conducted. The separation zone is formed by an interspace between the drum and a fluid conduction arrangement. It is possible to modify at least locally a distance between the drum and the fluid conduction arrangement and/or a width of the separation zone during the operation of the magnetic separator. A measuring apparatus captures at least one fluid parameter of the fluid. The distance and/or the width can be modified dependent on the at least one fluid parameter. A method operates such a magnetic separator.

Abstract: A magnetic drum separator (2), with a drum (6) rotatable about a rotational axis (4), a magnet arrangement (10) of a plurality of magnets (12) arranged in the interior (8) of the drum (6), a separation zone (18) in the exterior space (14) of the drum (6); a feed material (22) flows through the separation zone (18) and is there separable with the aid of a magnetic field (26) generated by the magnet arrangement (10), into a waste stream (30) and a recyclable material stream (28). A relative position (R) of at least one of the magnets (12) relative to the rotational axis (4) can be varied. A nominal magnitude (S) for a process value (78) on the drum separator (2) that is influenced by the separation behavior (32) is specified. At least one measurement device (74) detects an actual magnitude (I) of the process value (78), and a controller (82), which changes the relative position (R) of the at least one of the magnets (12), whereby the actual magnitude (I) is controlled to approach the nominal magnitude (S).

Abstract: An apparatus for determining and/or monitoring a process variable. The apparatus includes a housing, a mechanically oscillatable unit, and a transducer unit, which is arranged and clamped between two housing elements in such a manner that a predeterminable pressure acts on the transducer unit along an imaginary axis. An equalizing element is provided, whose coefficient of thermal expansion and/or height are/is selected in such a manner that a temperature-related expansion of the equalizing element during a temperature-related expansion of a housing element to be compensated leads to the pressure acting on the transducer unit being greater than or equal to a predeterminable prestress limit value.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for providing packaging material, comprising a shaping device (25) that has a couple of motor-driven molding wheels or rolls, a housing support (15) with an interior, an inlet via which packaging material can be fed into the interior, and an outlet via which packaging material can be discharged from the interior in which the molding wheels are arranged. The molding wheels are rotatably mounted on the housing support and each define an axis of rotation. A continuous penetration shaft (23), the longitudinal direction of which extends substantially parallel to the two axes of rotation of the molding wheels, from the interior to the exterior of the housing support, is formed withing the housing support, said penetration shaft (23) being open towards the interior and towards an exterior of the housing support.

Abstract: An arrangement for modifying the local intensity of x-ray radiation includes an x-ray filter with a plurality of absorption chambers, which may be filled by a ferrofluid. The absorption chambers are stacked in the x-ray beam direction. The x-ray filter includes a plurality of storage containers in which the ferrofluid may be stored. Each of the absorption chambers is connected to a respective one of the storage containers. The absorption of the x-ray radiation is achieved as a result of individual absorption chambers being filled with the ferrofluid. By filling a different number of absorption chambers, the local intensity of the x-ray radiation may be modified easily, precisely and quickly.

Abstract: In an embodiment a method for position determination of an object in a spatial area is provided in which the object is illuminated with at least one light beam. The light beam does not cover the complete spatial area and is guided into a part of the spatial area in which the object is present depending on the position of the object. In another aspect a method for measuring a surface is provided.

Abstract: In a method for monitoring the hitch of at least one trailer, which is pitchable to a tow vehicle, the tow vehicle having a steering system with which a steering angle is settable, the following steps are performed: a) detecting yaw oscillations of the tow vehicle over a certain period of time, e.g., 1 second to 3 seconds, at a constant or almost constant steering angle and above a predefinable speed of the tow vehicle without brake intervention, and b) evaluating the detected yaw oscillations for whether the amplitudes of the yaw oscillations do not fall below a predefinable amplitude threshold.

Abstract: Input light, such as from an optical sensor or stimulus-wavelength converter, includes one or more light or dark sub-bands. The input light is transmitted, such as through a transmissive layer or transmission component, to obtain effects due to transmission with lateral variation. A detector can, for example, obtain spectral information or other photon energy information about the sub-bands due to lateral variation. For each light or dark sub-band, a transmission component can, for example, provide a respective light or dark spot, and spot position can be used to obtain spectral information such as absolute wavelength or wavelength change. A photosensing component can sense or detect transmitted light or output photons, such as with a photosensor array or a position-sensitive detector. Circuitry can use photosensed quantities to obtain, e.g. a differential signal or information about time of wavelength change.

Abstract: An apparatus for shaping packaging material, comprising a housing support including hopper, a packaging material reservoir, a discharge orifice, and a bearing structure therebetween defining a continuous feeding path for the packaging material. The feeding path includes an interior wall continuously extending around an axis of the material's feeding direction. The housing support further includes at least one concavity in the bearing structure extending laterally away from the feeding path, the concavity having a portion within the feeding path at a slit formed within the interior wall, the concavity holding a shaping device that is rotatably mounted on the bearing structure and partially projects from the slit into the feeding path, the shape of the slit being complementary to the shape of a section of the shaping device adjoining the slit such that a tolerance gap is formed allowing the shaping device to rotate relative to the bearing structure.

Abstract: Input light, such as from an optical sensor or stimulus-wavelength converter, includes one or more light or dark sub-bands. The input light is transmitted, such as through a transmissive layer or transmission component, to obtain effects due to transmission with lateral variation. A detector can, for example, obtain spectral information or other photon energy information about the sub-bands due to lateral variation. For each light or dark sub-band, a transmission component can, for example, provide a respective light or dark spot, and spot position can be used to obtain spectral information such as absolute wavelength or wavelength change. A photosensing component can sense or detect transmitted light or output photons, such as with a photosensor array or a position-sensitive detector. Circuitry can use photosensed quantities to obtain, e.g. a differential signal or information about time of wavelength change.

Abstract: A device and method for drawing off and recirculating cooling streams, specifically for drawing off and recirculating a cooling stream of fuel for cooling at least one aircraft engine accessory, is disclosed. The device having a tubular jacket part defining a flow cross-section through which a primary stream, specifically a fuel stream, flows by way of an extraction pipe which is positioned approximately in the center of the flow cross-section, or jacket part, in order to draw off a cooling stream from the primary stream, by way of a hollow strut extending in the radial direction to divert this cooling stream from the device with the aid of the extraction pipe and to supply it to at least one accessory to be cooled, and by way of a return opening to recirculate the cooling stream directed through the accessory for cooling purposes to the primary stream.

Abstract: A measuring unit set up to determine a relative position and relative orientation between the measuring unit and an arrangement of at least three optical elements. The measuring unit comprises a length measuring device, which emits measuring beams at at least three locations spaced apart from one another, and at least one beam directing device set up to direct the measuring beams to optical elements of the arrangement. The beam directing device is controllable in order to guide at least one of the measuring beams to a plurality of optical elements of the arrangement in a time-sequential manner in order to carry out a plurality of length measuring operations in a time-sequential manner in such a manner that, in the plurality of length measuring operations, each measuring beam of the at least one measuring beam strikes precisely one of the optical elements. A total of six lengths are measured in this manner.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for using process attachable virtual machines to provide isolation between user sessions in a scalable manner, enabling a server to robustly process requests corresponding to a large number of user sessions. The methods and apparatus include initializing a process attachable virtual machine for a user session, receiving a request corresponding to the user session, and binding the process attachable virtual machine to an operating system process to process the request.

Abstract: Input light, such as from an optical sensor or stimulus-wavelength converter, includes one or more light or dark sub-bands. The input light is transmitted, such as through a transmissive layer or transmission component, to obtain effects due to transmission with lateral variation. A detector can, for example, obtain spectral information or other photon energy information about the sub-bands due to lateral variation. For each light or dark sub-band, a transmission component can, for example, provide a respective light or dark spot, and spot position can be used to obtain spectral information such as absolute wavelength or wavelength change. A photosensing component can sense or detect transmitted light or output photons, such as with a photosensor array or a position-sensitive detector. Circuitry can use photosensed quantities to obtain, e.g. a differential signal or information about time of wavelength change.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining and/or monitoring at least one process variable of a medium. The apparatus includes: at least one mechanically oscillatable unit; at least one transducer unit, which excites the mechanically oscillatable unit to mechanical oscillations based on an exciter signal and which receives the mechanical oscillations of the mechanically oscillatable unit and converts such to a received signal. The transducer unit has at least one piezoelectric element. The apparatus further includes: at least one electronics unit, which supplies the transducer unit with the exciter signal and which receives the received signal from the transducer unit; and at least one compensation element, which supplies the exciter signal to the electronics unit and from which the electronics unit receives a compensation signal. The invention provides that the compensation element has at least one at least element made at least partially of a piezoelectric material.