Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic process for preparing an ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid salt, comprising contacting an alkene and carbon dioxide with a carboxylation catalyst being a transition metal complex, an alkoxide, and an organic solvent, to obtain an ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid salt, the organic solvent being incompletely miscible with water at a pressure of 1 bar at at least one temperature T and selected from amides and ureas, T being a temperature in the range from 10° C. to 90° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of 1,6-difunctionalized hexane derivatives from 1,3-diunsaturated hydrocarbons, preferably butadiene, wherein a hydroformylation with carbon monoxide and hydrogen is performed in the presence of an at least dihydric alkanol and during the hydroformylation the temperature is increased. The reaction yields the acetals of the 1,6-hexanedial derivatives which are isolated and further reacted to obtain the desired 1,6-difunctionalized hexane derivatives, in particular 1,6-hexanediamine, 1,6-hexanediol and adipic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing C4-C15 lactams, in which a C1-C10-alkyl nitrite is reacted with a C4-C15-cycloalkane and is illuminated with a light-emitting diode during the reaction. This forms a C4-C15-cyclohexanone oxime which is then converted further to a C4-C15 lactam; the C1-C10 alcohol formed is recycled into the preparation of the C1-C10-alkyl nitrite.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic process for preparing an ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid salt, comprising contacting an alkene and carbon dioxide with a carboxylation catalyst being a transition metal complex, an alkoxide, and an organic solvent, to obtain an ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid salt, the organic solvent being incompletely miscible with water at a pressure of 1 bar at at least one temperature T and selected from amides and ureas, T being a temperature in the range from 10° C. to 90° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing C4-C15 lactams, in which a C1-C10-alkyl nitrite is reacted with a C4-C15-cycloalkane and is illuminated with a light-emitting diode during the reaction. This forms a C4-C15-cyclohexanone oxime which is then converted further to a C4-C15 lactam; the C1-C10 alcohol formed is recycled into the preparation of the C1-C10-alkyl nitrite.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of 1,6-difunctionalized hexane derivatives from 1,3-diunsaturated hydrocarbons, preferably butadiene, wherein a hydroformylation with carbon monoxide and hydrogen is performed in the presence of an at least dihydric alkanol and during the hydroformylation the temperature is increased. The reaction yields the acetals of the 1,6-hexanedial derivatives which are isolated and further reacted to obtain the desired 1,6-difunctionalized hexane derivatives, in particular 1,6-hexanediamine, 1,6-hexanediol and adipic acid.

Abstract: A chromatographic device for analysing multiple samples comprises a separator for separating the multiple samples, an injector unit for injecting the multiple samples into the separator, the injector unit being provided as regular injector unit for single-sample chromatography, a detector for detecting signals of the multiple samples after they are separated by the separator, a sequence generator for generating a specific binary sequence for each of the multiple samples, a controller that controls the injector unit so that each of the multiple samples is injected into the separator in pulses corresponding to its specific binary sequence, and a decomposer for decomposing the detected signals of the multiple samples by identifying the specific binary sequences in the detected signals.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for substance mixtures, particularly complex chemical and/or biochemical substance mixtures. According to said method, a substance mixture that is to be analyzed is fed to a separating device, the substances of the substance mixture that is to be analyzed are separated from each other in the separating device by means of a chemically and/or physically induced conveying process, and the separated substances are detected in an evaluation unit. The invention further relates to methods and devices for producing pulsed substance mixtures, particularly complex chemical and/or biochemical substance mixtures. In order to improve the analysis of substance mixtures especially regarding the duration of the analysis, the throughput, and the resolution, the substance mixture that is to be analyzed is fed to the separating device in pulses having an unique binary sequence.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for substance mixtures, particularly complex chemical and/or biochemical substance mixtures. According to said method, a substance mixture that is to be analyzed is fed to a separating device, the substances of the substance mixture that is to be analyzed are separated from each other in the separating device by means of a chemically and/or physically induced conveying process, and the separated substances are detected in an evaluation unit. The invention further relates to methods and devices for producing pulsed substance mixtures, particularly complex chemical and/or biochemical substance mixtures. In order to improve the analysis of substance mixtures especially regarding the duration of the analysis, the throughput, and the resolution, the substance mixture that is to be analyzed is fed to the separating device in pulses having an unique binary sequence.

Abstract: By connecting the Bradbury-Nielson gate (BNG) directly to a driver without a transmission line, distortion of the voltage waveform experienced a the BNG are much reduced. Because the magnitude of the modulation defects grows as the applied modulation voltage is increased, Bradbury-Nielson gates with finer wire spacing such as 100 microns, and operating at 10 to 15 V, significantly better signal-to-noise ratios are achieved. HT-TOFMS data were also post processed using an exact knowledge of the modulation defects.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of coating an electrospray emitter with silver and then gold utilizing wet-coating processes. First, the electrospray emitter is immersed in a silver-containing liquid solution to coat the electrospray emitter in a layer of silver. Next, the silver-coated electrospray emitter is removed from the silver solution and rinsed with water. The silver-coated electrospray emitter is then annealed to stabilize the silver layer. Once the silver layer has been stabilized, the silver-coated electrospray emitter is immersed into a gold-containing liquid solution and a voltage is applied. This voltage serves to electrochemically deposit a gold layer onto the silver layer. The gold- and silver-coated electrospray emitter is then removed from the gold-containing liquid solution and rinsed with water and, preferably, with nitric acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of coating an electrospray emitter with silver and then gold utilizing wet-coating processes. First, the electrospray emitter is immersed in a silver-containing liquid solution to coat the electrospray emitter in a layer of silver. Next, the silver-coated electrospray emitter is removed from the silver solution and rinsed with water. The silver-coated electrospray emitter is then annealed to stabilize the silver layer. Once the silver layer has been stabilized, the silver-coated electrospray emitter is immersed into a gold-containing liquid solution and a voltage is applied. This voltage serves to electrochemically deposit a gold layer onto the silver layer. The gold- and silver-coated electrospray emitter is then removed from the gold-containing liquid solution and rinsed with water and, preferably, with nitric acid.

Abstract: By connecting the Bradbury-Nielson gate (BNG) directly to a driver without a transmission line, distortion of the voltage waveform experienced a the BNG are much reduced. Because the magnitude of the modulation defects grows as the applied modulation voltage is increased, Bradbury-Nielson gates with finer wire spacing such as 100 microns, and operating at 10 to 15 V, significantly better signal-to-noise ratios are achieved. HT-TOFMS data were also post processed using an exact knowledge of the modulation defects.

Abstract: By connecting the Bradbury-Nielson gate (BNG) directly to a driver without a transmission line, distortion of the voltage waveform experienced a the BNG are much reduced. Because the magnitude of the modulation defects grows as the applied modulation voltage is increased, Bradbury-Nielson gates with finer wire spacing such as 100 microns, and operating at 10 to 15 V, significantly better signal-to-noise ratios are achieved. HT-TOFMS data were also post processed using an exact knowledge of the modulation defects.

Abstract: By connecting the Bradbury-Nielson gate (BNG) directly to a driver without a transmission line, distortion of the voltage waveform experienced a the BNG are much reduced. Because the magnitude of the modulation defects grows as the applied modulation voltage is increased, Bradbury-Nielson gates with finer wire spacing such as 100 microns, and operating at 10 to 15 V, significantly better signal-to-noise ratios are achieved. HT-TOFMS data were also post processed using an exact knowledge of the modulation defects.