Abstract: An example network device includes one or more network interface cards and a control unit. The network interface cards are configured to send and receive messages with a first network operating in accordance with a first network-layer protocol and a second network operating in accordance with a second network-layer protocol and a control unit. The control unit is configured to receive a message via the one or more network interface cards, transform the message from conforming to a first transitioning protocol to conforming to a second transitioning protocol, and forward the message via the second network.

Abstract: A network device may receive a packet from a user device; allocate a first port range to the user device; measure a period of time after allocating the first port range; and allocate a second port range to the user device when the measured period of time is equal to a particular period of time. The first port range may be associated with a first Internet Protocol (IP) address.