Abstract: An electric machine includes a stator and a rotor. The stator includes a frame structure and an electromagnetically active part inside the frame structure. The rotor includes a shaft and an electromagnetically active part for producing torque in co-operation with the electromagnetically active part of the stator. The electric machine includes bearings inside the frame structure and arranged to support the rotor rotatably with respect to the stator. A magnetic bearing module for supporting the shaft is attached to an outer surface of the frame structure so that the frame structure and the magnetic bearing module are axially successive. The magnetic bearing module is a replaceable component which is non-destructively detachable from the frame structure. Thus, the electric machine can be adapted to different mechanical loads by selecting a suitable magnetic bearing module.

Abstract: An electric machine includes a stator and a rotor. The stator includes a frame structure and an electromagnetically active part inside the frame structure. The rotor includes a shaft and an electromagnetically active part for producing torque in co-operation with the electromagnetically active part of the stator. The electric machine includes bearings inside the frame structure and arranged to support the rotor rotatably with respect to the stator. A magnetic bearing module for supporting the shaft is attached to an outer surface of the frame structure so that the frame structure and the magnetic bearing module are axially successive. The magnetic bearing module is a replaceable component which is non-destructively detachable from the frame structure. Thus, the electric machine can be adapted to different mechanical loads by selecting a suitable magnetic bearing module.

Abstract: An electronic device includes at least one electronic component, a gradient heat-flux sensor GHFS based on thermoelectric anisotropy and conducting heat generated by the electronic component, and a controller adapted to manage electrical current of the electronic component at least partly on the basis of an electrical control signal generated by the gradient heat-flux sensor and proportional to a heat-flux through the gradient heat-flux sensor. Therefore, the electrical current and thereby also the heat generation of the electronic component are managed directly on the basis of the heat-flux generated by the electronic component. Thus, the electrical current can be managed without a need for voltage and current measurements which may be challenging to be carried out with a sufficient bandwidth especially when the switching frequency of the electronic component is on a range from hundreds of kHz to few MHz.

Abstract: A core element for a magnetic component includes a plurality of ferromagnetic sections for conducting a magnetic flux. Adjacent ones of the ferromagnetic sections are connected to each other with ferromagnetic isthmuses keeping the adjacent ones of the ferromagnetic sections a distance apart from each other, and/or the gaps between the ferromagnetic sections are filled with electrically insulating solid material and adjacent ones of the gaps are connected to each other via openings through the ferromagnetic sections and filled with electrically insulating solid material. The ferromagnetic sections can constitute for example a stack of ferromagnetic sheets or a bundle of ferromagnetic filaments. The core element can be manufactured by three-dimensional printing and thus it is possible to make core elements which are not possible or at least not cost effective to be made by shaping ferromagnetic sheets which are originally planar.

Abstract: There can be provided an engine control apparatus having a controller operable to receive input from a heat flux sensor arranged to measure combustion power within an internal combustion engine and to use said input in a control process to determine an adjustment to a controllable engine operation parameter.

Abstract: An electronic device includes at least one electronic component, a gradient heat-flux sensor GHFS based on thermoelectric anisotropy and conducting heat generated by the electronic component, and a controller adapted to manage electrical current of the electronic component at least partly on the basis of an electrical control signal generated by the gradient heat-flux sensor and proportional to a heat-flux through the gradient heat-flux sensor. Therefore, the electrical current and thereby also the heat generation of the electronic component are managed directly on the basis of the heat-flux generated by the electronic component. Thus, the electrical current can be managed without a need for voltage and current measurements which may be challenging to be carried out with a sufficient bandwidth especially when the switching frequency of the electronic component is on a range from hundreds of kHz to few MHz.

Abstract: There can be provided an engine control apparatus having a controller operable to receive input from a heat flux sensor arranged to measure combustion power within an internal combustion engine and to use said input in a control process to determine an adjustment to a controllable engine operation parameter.

Abstract: A control device (101) for controlling a magnetic levitation system includes a controller (103) for controlling one or more voltages directed to one or more windings of the magnetic levitation system on the basis of a deviation of a position of an object (108) to be levitated from a reference position so as to control a resultant magnetic force directed to the object. The controller selects, for each of temporally successive control periods, a control direction so that ability of the resultant magnetic force to decrease the deviation of the position is improved when the resultant magnetic force is changed in the selected control direction. Thereafter, the one or more voltages are selected in accordance with the selected control direction so as to decrease the deviation of the position by changing the resultant magnetic force. Thus, there is no need for nested control loops which are typically challenging to tune.

Abstract: Method of controlling a voltage controlled PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) frequency converter comprising a single phase rectifier bridge (10) connectable to a sinusoidal single phase supply, a DC intermediate circuit (11) and a controlled inverter bridge (12) for generating an AC output voltage with varying amplitude and frequency to a load, said inverter bridge (12) having PWM controlled semiconductor switches (V11–V16) and flywheel diodes (D11–D16) connected in inverse-parallel with the semiconductor switches, wherein the DC intermediate circuit (11) is provided with a DC capacitor unit, and wherein the frequency converter is controlled so that the supply line current (Iin) is essentially sinusoidal and in phase with the supply line voltage (Uin).

Abstract: Method of controlling a voltage controlled PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) frequency converter comprising a single phase rectifier bridge (10) connectable to a sinusoidal single phase supply, a DC intermediate circuit (11) and a controlled inverter bridge (12) for generating an AC output voltage with varying amplitude and frequency to a load, said inverter bridge (12) having PWM controlled semiconductor switches (V11-V16) and flywheel diodes (D11-D16) connected in inverse-parallel with the semiconductor switches, wherein the DC intermediate circuit (11) is provided with a DC capacitor unit, and wherein the frequency converter is controlled so that the supply line current (Iin) is essentially sinusoidal and in phase with the supply line voltage (Uin).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of ensuring the stability of a synchronous machine in controlling the synchronous machine on the basis of direct control of flux and torque, in which the torque generated by the synchronous machine is increased/decreased by increasing/decreasing the instantaneous angular velocity of the stator flux. In accordance with the invention, the method comprises the steps of determining the direction of the stator flux vector (.psi.s) in rotor coordinates (dq), and forcing the stator flux vector (.psi.s) to remain in quadrants I and IV (Q1, Q4) of the rotor coordinates by rotating the stator flux in the rotor coordinates to a necessary degree.