Abstract: A spectrometer comprises a plurality of isolated optical channels comprising a plurality of isolated optical paths. The isolated optical paths decrease cross-talk among the optical paths and allow the spectrometer to have a decreased length with increased resolution. In many embodiments, the isolated optical paths comprise isolated parallel optical paths that allow the length of the device to be decreased substantially. In many embodiments, each isolated optical path extends from a filter of a filter array, through a lens of a lens array, through a channel of a support array, to a region of a sensor array. Each region of the sensor array comprises a plurality of sensor elements in which a location of the sensor element corresponds to the wavelength of light received based on an angle of light received at the location, the focal length of the lens and the central wavelength of the filter.

Abstract: An effector coupled to an automated harvesting apparatus, the effector comprising a sensor unit configured to obtain fruit cluster related data relating; a closed kinematic chain mechanism configured: to expand from a closed configuration to an expanded configuration; close from the expanded configuration to the closed configuration; harvesting shears configured to cut the fruit stem, said harvesting shears are coupled to the kinematical closed chain mechanism; a catch mechanism configured to catch the fruit stem after the fruit stem is cut by the harvesting shears; and, a processor configured to operate the effector to cut the fruit stem.