Abstract: Electrical power derived from a renewable energy source is used to perform electrolysis of water to produce oxygen and hydrogen. A feed stream includes consumer waste plastics, a waste stream from a hydrocarbon refinery, or both. The feed stream is partially oxidized to produce syngas. At least a portion of the carbon monoxide of the syngas is reacted with water to produce additional carbon dioxide and hydrogen. A hydrocarbon feed stream is hydroprocessed using at least a portion of the hydrogen generated by electrolysis and at least a portion of the hydrogen from the syngas to produce a hydroprocessing product stream including a saturated hydrocarbon. At least a portion of the carbon dioxide of the syngas is hydrogenated using at least a portion of the hydrogen generated by electrolysis to produce a product stream including a hydrocarbon, an oxygenate, or both.

Abstract: Methods for removal of catalyst-containing structures are provided, wherein the catalyst-containing structures were deployed in a reactor and the catalyst therein has been subject to reaction. The catalyst-containing structures are encapsulated in a C31-C50 paraffin, in certain embodiments a mixture of two or more C31-C50 paraffins, optionally together with one or more light paraffins. The methods facilitate safe handling and transport thereof.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method of manufacture of CHA framework crystalline materials of silica and a framework metal oxide. This is accomplished by using an improved sol-gel formulation including a water-soluble fraction of ODSO as an additional component. The resulting products include CHA framework crystalline materials of silica and a framework metal oxide, whereby a framework metal oxide can be an oxide of Al, Fe, B or Ga, and yields can be increased relative to comparable sol-gel formulations without ODSO.

Abstract: Methods for hydrocracking a hydrocarbon feed may include contacting an initial catalyst with a conditioning stream having from 50 ppmw to 5000 ppmw heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds to form a conditioned catalyst. The initial catalyst may include a zeolite, an amorphous silica-alumina, or both. The method includes contacting the conditioned catalyst with the hydrocarbon feed in the presence of hydrogen to crack all or a portion of the hydrocarbon feed to form a hydrocarbon product. The hydrocarbon feed has an initial boiling point greater than or equal to 325° C.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a naphtha feed includes separating the naphtha feed into at least a light naphtha fraction, contacting the light naphtha fraction with hydrogen in the presence of at least one cyclization catalyst, and contacting the cyclization effluent with at least one cracking catalyst. Contacting the light naphtha fraction with hydrogen in the presence of at least one cyclization catalyst may produce a cyclization effluent comprising a greater concentration of naphthenes compared to the light naphtha fraction. Contacting the cyclization effluent with at least one cracking catalyst under conditions sufficient crack at least a portion of the cyclization effluent may produce a fluid catalytic cracking effluent comprising light olefins, gasoline blending components, or both. A system for upgrading a naphtha feed includes a naphtha separation unit, a cyclization unit disposed downstream of the naphtha separation unit, and a fluid catalytic cracking unit disposed downstream of the cyclization unit.

Abstract: A composition of matter is provided comprising hierarchically ordered crystalline microporous material having well-defined long-range mesoporous ordering of cubic symmetry. The composition possesses mesopores having walls of crystalline microporous material and a mass of mesostructure between mesopores of crystalline microporous material. Long-range ordering is defined by presence of secondary peaks in an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and/or cubic symmetry observable by microscopy.

Abstract: Mesoporous silica is disclosed possessing a two-dimensional, hexagonal, through-hole structure with a space group p6mm, that is formed using one or more water-soluble oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) compounds during the synthesis to impart distinct characteristics including an increased percentage of silanol groups.

Abstract: Methods for synthesis of hierarchically ordered zeolites and zeolite-type materials are provided. Synthesized hierarchically ordered zeolites and zeolite-type materials formed according to the methods herein possess a high-degree of well-defined long-range mesoporous ordering. The methods include base-mediated reassembly, by dissolution of the parent material to the level of oligomeric structural building units of the parent material, and minimizing or avoiding amorphization/structural collapse. The dissolution and self-assembly is comprehensively controlled to produce hierarchically ordered zeolites and zeolite-type materials according to the methods herein.

Abstract: A method of hydrocracking a hydrocarbon oil may comprise contacting the hydrocarbon oil with a catalyst suitable for hydrocracking in the presence of hydrogen in a reactor, wherein the catalyst comprises from 19.9 wt. % to 97.9 wt. % of a support material; from 2 wt. % to 80 wt. % of a zeolitic material comprising a microporous framework comprising zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, or both; and from 0.1 wt. % to 40 wt. % of one or more metals, one or more metal oxides, or both. The one or more metals, the one or more metal oxides, or both, may be disposed on the microporous framework, the support material, or both. When the catalyst is utilized in a hydrocracking reaction to crack vacuum gas oil, the activation energy of the hydrocracking reaction may be less than or equal to 55 Kcal/mol.

Abstract: A catalyst suitable for hydrocracking may comprise from 19.9 wt. % to 97.9 wt. % of a support material; from 2 wt. % to 80 wt. % of a zeolitic material comprising a microporous framework comprising zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, or both; and from 0.1 wt. % to 40 wt. % of one or more metals, one or more metal oxides, or both. The one or more metals, the one or more metal oxides, or both, may be disposed on the microporous framework, the support material, or both. When the catalyst is utilized in a hydrocracking reaction to crack vacuum gas oil, the activation energy of the hydrocracking reaction may be less than or equal to 55 Kcal/mol.

Abstract: A method of making a catalyst suitable for hydrocracking may comprise: contacting an initial catalyst with a passivation agent to form a passivated catalyst, contacting the passivated catalyst with a metal precursor to form a doped catalyst, and heating the doped catalyst to form the catalyst. The initial catalyst may comprise acid sites, wherein the passivation agent binds to a portion or all of the acid sites on the initial catalyst.

Abstract: In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a process for treating a diesel feedstock to convert diesel to component-paraffins includes hydrodesulfurizing and hydrodenitrogenizing the diesel feedstock to reduce a sulfur content of the diesel feedstock and a nitrogen content of the diesel feedstock; hydrocracking the hydrodesulfurized and hydrodenitrogenized diesel feedstock over a metal-containing diesel hydrocracking catalyst comprising at least one zeolite to produce a hydrocrackate fraction; separating the hydrocrackate fraction into a first stream enriched in n-paraffins and a second stream enriched in iso-paraffins and naphthenes; and reverse isomerizing at least a portion of the second stream over an isomerization catalyst to convert at least a portion of the iso-paraffins to n-paraffins, producing a reverse isomerate fraction.

Abstract: A composition of matter is provided comprising hierarchically ordered crystalline microporous material having well-defined long-range mesoporous ordering of lamellar symmetry. The composition possesses mesopores having walls of crystalline microporous material and a mass of mesostructure between mesopores of crystalline microporous material. Long-range ordering is defined by presence of secondary peaks in an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and/or lamellar symmetry observable by microscopy.

Abstract: Hydrotreating catalyst material and/or hydrotreating catalyst particles are provided having at least two hydrotreating metal components and a chelating agent carried on a support. The support comprises an inorganic oxide binder and a post-framework modified ultra-stable Y-type (USY) zeolite in which a portion of aluminum atoms constituting a zeolite framework thereof is substituted with zirconium atoms and/or titanium atoms and/or hafnium atoms. The hydrotreating metal components form a metal complex via the chelating agent, and are carried on said support as chelating complex type II active sites.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a naphtha feed includes separating the naphtha feed into at least a light naphtha fraction, contacting the light naphtha fraction with hydrogen in the presence of at least one cyclization catalyst, and contacting the cyclization effluent with at least one cracking catalyst. Contacting the light naphtha fraction with hydrogen in the presence of at least one cyclization catalyst may produce a cyclization effluent comprising a greater concentration of naphthenes compared to the light naphtha fraction. Contacting the cyclization effluent with at least one cracking catalyst under conditions sufficient crack at least a portion of the cyclization effluent may produce a fluid catalytic cracking effluent comprising light olefins, gasoline blending components, or both. A system for upgrading a naphtha feed includes a naphtha separation unit, a cyclization unit disposed downstream of the naphtha separation unit, and a fluid catalytic cracking unit disposed downstream of the cyclization unit.

Abstract: A method for alkylating arenes may comprise: passing a feedstock comprising one or more arenes into a reactor; contacting the feedstock with a zeolitic material in the reactor, wherein: in the reactor the one or more arenes are alkylated to form one or more alkylated arenes; the zeolitic material has a *BEA framework and comprises mesopores; and at least a portion of the mesopores are arranged in cubic symmetry.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method to co-synthesize amorphous and crystalline porous materials, including a phase of crystalline solids possessing well-defined structures and uniform pore sizes, and an amorphous phase. A sol-gel formulation which includes a water-soluble fraction of ODSO as an additional component is provided that precipitates multiple solid phases.

Abstract: A hydrocracking catalyst comprises an active cracking support. The active cracking support comprises a post-modified zeolite framework having zirconium atoms and titanium atoms substituting for aluminum atoms; wherein: a portion of the zirconium atom are substituted in the post-modified zeolite via 4-coordination; a portion of the zirconium atom are grafted to the post-modified zeolite via 5-coordination; and the titanium atoms are substituted in the post-modified zeolite framework via 4-coordination.

Abstract: A composition of matter is provided comprising hierarchically ordered crystalline microporous material having well-defined long-range mesoporous ordering of cubic symmetry. The composition possesses mesopores having walls of crystalline microporous material and a mass of mesostructure between mesopores of crystalline microporous material. Long-range ordering is defined by presence of secondary peaks in an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and/or cubic symmetry observable by microscopy.

Abstract: A process for treatment of C9+ aromatic complex bottoms feedstream that includes reacting the feedstream in the presence of a hydrodearylation catalyst and hydrogen under specified reaction conditions for hydrodearylation to produce liquid effluents containing dearylated hydrocarbons and separating the liquid effluents into a BTEX-rich fraction and a solvent fraction, and recovering the solvent fraction.