Abstract: A Schottky-barrier-reducing layer is provided between a p-doped semiconductor layer and a transparent conductive material layer of a photovoltaic device. The Schottky-barrier-reducing layer can be a conductive material layer having a work function that is greater than the work function of the transparent conductive material layer. The conductive material layer can be a carbon-material layer such as a carbon nanotube layer or a graphene layer. Alternately, the conductive material layer can be another transparent conductive material layer having a greater work function than the transparent conductive material layer. The reduction of the Schottky barrier reduces the contact resistance across the transparent material layer and the p-doped semiconductor layer, thereby reducing the series resistance and increasing the efficiency of the photovoltaic device.

Abstract: Provided is a flux-cored arc welding material having remarkable impact resistance and abrasion resistance. The flux-cored arc welding material having remarkable impact resistance and abrasion resistance comprises: 0.1-0.75 wt % of C; 0.2-1.2 wt % of Si; 15-27 wt % of Mn; 2-7 wt % of Cr; 0.01 wt % or less of S; 0.018 wt % or less of P; 4.3-15 wt % of TiO2; 0.01-9 wt % of at least one selected from the group consisting of SiO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3; and the balance of Fe and other inevitable impurities. Further provided are a welding joint capable of all-position welding and having remarkable weldability, low temperature impact toughness and abrasion resistance, and thus a welding material very preferably applied to the manufacture of pipes used in the oil sand industry field and the like.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for regenerating a lean NOx trap. In one example, a method may include, responsive to an indication to regenerate a lean NOx trap (LNT), operating an engine with an overall rich air-fuel ratio to regenerate the LNT while minimizing fuel oil dilution by operating each cylinder of the engine with an alternating rich to lean air-fuel ratio pattern of two rich combustion events for every one lean combustion event across a plurality of engine cycles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an application error detection method for a cloud streaming service, and an apparatus and a system therefor. According to the present invention, with respect to an application executed in a streaming server, it is possible to detect an application error by determining whether a reference image coincides with an execution screen of the application.

Abstract: A symbol interference cancellation circuit may be provided. The symbol interference cancellation circuit may include an interference cancellation circuit configured for generating an interference-cancelled signal based on weight application signals, sampling output signals, and a clock signal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a refrigerator and a control method thereof. The refrigerator includes a purified water tank to store water, a flow sensor to detect an amount of water supplied to the purified water tank, a purified water supply valve to open/close a purified water supply flow path to guide water stored in the purified water tank to the carbonated water tank, a carbonated water discharge valve to open/close a carbonated water discharge flow path to guide the carbonated water to the outside of the refrigerator, and a controller to detect a position where water leakage occurs by sequentially opening the purified water supply valve and the carbonated water discharge valve in a water leakage mode.

Abstract: Provided herein may be a storage device and a method of operating the same. In a storage device for controlling operational performance depending on temperature, a memory controller configured to control a memory device may include an internal temperature sensing unit configured to generate an internal temperature information by sensing a temperature of the memory controller and a performance adjustment unit configured to receive an external temperature information from an external temperature sensing unit, and controlling operational performance of the memory controller using the internal temperature information and the external temperature information, wherein the external temperature information represents a temperature of the memory device.

Abstract: An electrochromic dimming device is provided. The electrochromic dimming device includes an electrochromic element, a color development power source, a color discharge powder source, and a variable resistance. The color development power source supplies electric power to the electrochromic element when the electrochromic element develops color. The color discharge powder source supplies electric power to the electrochromic element when the electrochromic element discharges color. The variable resistance is disposed on a first current path without being disposed on a second current path. The first current path is formed from the color development power source through a ground via the electrochromic element, and the second current path is formed from the color discharge power source to the ground via the electrochromic element.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a topological insulating layer including first and second surfaces facing each other and a transition metal oxide layer provided on the first surface of the topological insulating layer. The topological insulating layer may have a thickness ranging from 1 nm to 10 nm.

Abstract: A cylinder head for a marine engine has an axially elongated camshaft, cam lobes that are axially spaced apart from each other along the camshaft, and valves that control one of a flow of intake air for combustion in the marine engine or a flow of exhaust gas from the marine engine. The cam lobes actuate the valves upon rotation of the camshaft. Each cam lobe comprises first and second cam lobe sections that are axially spaced apart from each other along the camshaft.

Abstract: A method by a terminal, method by a base station, a terminal, and a base station are provided. The method by the terminal includes transmitting two transport blocks; and if one of the two transport blocks is negatively acknowledged (NACKed) and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) including control information is not detected, adjusting retransmission for the NACKed transport block using a precoding index 0 and a number of layers corresponding to the NACKed transport block.

Abstract: An electronic device and an operation method by the electronic device are disclosed. The electronic device includes a controller that controls to extract at least one frame of a plurality of preview frames inputted through an image capturing device and store an image captured through the image capturing device according to an image capturing request in association with the selected at least one frame; and a storage unit storing the captured image and the selected at least one frame.

Abstract: A light-emitting-device package according to one aspect of the present invention includes: a metal substrate; a light emitting device disposed on a first surface of the metal substrate and configured to emit at least ultraviolet light; a pair of electrodes disposed to be spaced apart from each other on at least the first surface of the metal substrate, and electrically connected to the light emitting device; and an insulating layer provided between the metal substrate and the pair of electrodes. UV reflectance of the first surface of the metal body is higher than UV reflectance of the pair of electrodes.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a plurality of line patterns formed apart from one another on a substrate, the plurality of line patterns having a first width and extending parallel to one another in a first direction. A first line pattern of the plurality of line patterns may include a wider portion having a second width in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction that is greater than the first width. One or more second line patterns may be located adjacent to the first line pattern and include a conformal portion conformally formed about the wider portion of the first line pattern. One or more third line patterns may be located adjacent to the second line pattern and include an end portion near the conformal portion of the one or more second line pattern.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for forming a film directly on a wound to accelerate wound healing, a use for the same, a treatment method using the same, and a method for preparing the same. The film-forming composition according to the present invention forms a film directly on the wound to increase the adhesion to the wound. The formed thin hydrophilic film protects the wound surface to prevent infection of the wound surface, retains the physiologically active substance useful for wound healing on the wound surface to promote the wound healing, and allow drugs to be continuously delivered to the wound surface. Therefore, the composition according to the present invention has excellent wound healing effect and has excellent usability as it is not absorbed into clothing, bandage, etc., thus effectively replacing conventional gel or ointment formations for delivering physiologically active substances.

Abstract: A clutch actuator includes: a reduction gear to rotate in a housing by a motor; a connecting rod having a first end connected to the reduction gear; a pair of levers provided on a hinge shaft in the housing, and connected to a second end of the connecting rod to rotate according to a rotation of the reduction gear; a push rod contacting with a clutch actuator fork; and a wear compensating unit movably coupled between the levers in a vertical direction and provided with an inclined surface contacting a first cam. In particular, the push rod has one end extended outwardly of the housing and is coupled with the first cam of which one end is movably inserted into the first hole of the levers.

Abstract: A system and method for providing virtual items to users of an online game operated in a virtual space. Multiple users may participate in affiliations or alliances of discrete groups of users in an online game and may access the online game through client computing platforms associated with the users. The affiliations may have affiliation game units associated with affiliations which provide a benefit to the members of the online game. Affiliation members may cumulatively obtain affiliation game units and/or upgrade affiliation game units by providing one or more virtual items. Upgrading affiliation game units may require the cooperation of multiple members of the affiliation.

Abstract: Provided is a hydrogenation annealing method using a microwave, which performs hydrogenation annealing at a low temperature and with low power in a manufacturing process of a thin film transistor (TFT) for a display device. The hydrogenation annealing method is constituted by a loading step of loading a device requiring hydrogenation annealing into a chamber and an annealing step of irradiating a microwave having a frequency in an industrial scientific medical (ISM) band into the chamber into which the device is loaded. As hydrogenation annealing is performed at a low temperature by using the microwave for an oxide semiconductor TFT or LTPS having very large electron mobility, high integrated energy is transmitted to the device by the microwave, thereby implementing recoupling of hydrogen atoms which have been performed only at a high temperature, even at a low temperature.