Abstract: The invention, in some aspects, relates to polypeptide molecules and their encoding nucleic acid molecules and use of such molecules to direct and localize sensor molecules in the soma of cells in which they are expressed. Compositions of the invention may be delivered to cells and subjects and used in methods to determine activity in cells in which they are expressed.

Abstract: The invention, in some aspects, relates to polypeptide molecules and their encoding nucleic acid molecules and use of such molecules to target opsins to the soma of cells in which they are expressed. Compositions of the invention may be delivered to cells and subjects and used in methods to modulate electrical activity of cells in which they are expressed, and for treatment of diseases and conditions in subjects.

Abstract: The invention, in some aspects, relates to polypeptide molecules and their encoding nucleic acid molecules and use of such molecules to direct and localize sensor molecules in the soma of cells in which they are expressed. Compositions of the invention may be delivered to cells and subjects and used in methods to determine activity in cells in which they are expressed.

Abstract: The invention, in some aspects, relates to polypeptide molecules and their encoding nucleic acid molecules and use of such molecules to target opsins to the soma of cells in which they are expressed. Compositions of the invention may be delivered to cells and subjects and used in methods to modulate electrical activity of cells in which they are expressed, and for treatment of diseases and conditions in subjects.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to nanoscale wires and, in particular, to probes comprising nanoscale wires for use in determining electrical and/or chemical properties in a tissue or other material. For example, in certain embodiments, a probe comprising nanoscale wires may be inserted into an electrically-active tissue, such as the heart or the brain, and the nanoscale wires may be used to determine electrical properties of the tissue, e.g., action potentials or other electrical activity. In addition, in some embodiments, a nanoscale wire may be modified to determine chemical properties of a tissue. A probe comprising such nanoscale wires can be inserted into a tissue (not necessarily electrically active) to determine various properties, e.g., chemical or mechanical properties. In addition, in some embodiments, a probe is provided that can be used to stimulate tissues, e.g., by providing electrical stimuli via one or more nanoscale wires.