Abstract: Raking devices are provided for switching between pull-type applications and push-type applications. The raking devices include a toothed blade having a pushing surface and a plurality of teeth with free ends. For pull-type applications, the raking device is arranged to place the free ends of the teeth in engagement with the ground. For push-type applications, the raking device is turned over to place the pushing surface in engagement with the ground. An undercarriage of the raking device may be provided with wheels or other transport members for enhanced maneuverability and control during push-type applications. Adapters and methods are also provided for retrofitting a pull-type rake for use in both pull- and push-type applications.

Abstract: A satellite scrambling communication network uses geographically separated uplinks to provide scrambled video and audio signals and descrambling control data to separated individual subscribers and to separated TV signal distribution systems. The network includes a business control center which provides a master data stream including individual subscriber address and encryption data and uplink channel allocation control data.A first uplink adds to the master data stream supplementary data peculiar to those TV channel distribution systems which will distribute the one or more TV channels from the first uplink. The transmission at the first uplink, in addition to the one ore more TV channels, includes the master data stream and the supplementary data peculiar to the first uplink. There are a plurality of geographically seperated additional satellite communication uplinks, each including means for receiving the master data stream as transmitted from the first uplink via the communication satellite.