Abstract: Methods of treating leukodystrophy are provided. Accordingly there is provided a method of treating leukodystrophy in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an agent capable of up-regulating activity and/or expression of a component participating in a Sigma-1 Receptor (Sig-1R) signaling pathway. Also provided are agents and methods of up-regulating activity of Sig-1R in a cell and treating a disease that can benefit from up-regulating activity of Sig-1R. Also provided are agents and methods of modulating activity of sonic hedgehog (SHH) in a cell and treating a disease that can benefit from modulating activity of SHH.

Abstract: There are provided methods for detection and measurement of stress in a cell, the method including introducing a labeled tRNA into the cell and detecting a change in subcellular localization of the labeled tRNA in the cell, based on the signal emitted from the labeled tRNA. There are further provided methods and systems for the generation of a stress index of a living cell. There are further provided methods and systems for detection of stress in a living cell, comprising detection of changes in subcellular localization of labeled tRNA in a cell, wherein the detection is performed in real time.

Abstract: There are provided methods for detection and measurement of stress in a cell, the method including introducing a labeled tRNA into the cell and detecting a change in subcellular localization of the labeled tRNA in the cell, based on the signal emitted from the labeled tRNA. There are further provided methods and systems for the generation of a stress index of a living cell. There are further provided methods and systems for detection of stress in a living cell, comprising detection of changes in subcellular localization of labeled tRNA in a cell, wherein the detection is performed in real time.

Abstract: There are provided methods for detection and measurement of stress in a cell, the method including introducing a labeled tRNA into the cell and detecting a change in subcellular localization of the labeled tRNA in the cell, based on the signal emitted from the labeled tRNA. There are further provided methods and systems for the generation of a stress index of a living cell. There are further provided methods and systems for detection of stress in a living cell, comprising detection of changes in subcellular localization of labeled tRNA in a cell, wherein the detection is performed in real time.

Abstract: There are provided methods for detection and measurement of stress in a cell, the method including introducing a labeled tRNA into the cell and detecting a change in subcellular localization of the labeled tRNA in the cell, based on the signal emitted from the labeled tRNA. There are further provided methods and systems for the generation of a stress index of a living cell. There are further provided methods and systems for detection of stress in a living cell, comprising detection of changes in subcellular localization of labeled tRNA in a cell, wherein the detection is performed in real time.

Abstract: An efficient, versatile and simple expression system which confers cap-independent translation to prokaryotic RNAs in eukaryotic cells has been described. The utility of recombinant vaccinia virus for this purpose has been illustrated.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a eukaryotic cell line which expresses a foreign RNA polymerase gene. The invention further relates to a method of expressing a foreign protein in a eukaryotic environment utilizing the cell line. The present invention allows for the expression of a foreign protein in a eukaryotic cell without requiring transfecting or infecting the cell with a vector carrying the RNA polymerase gene.