Abstract: Plastic bottles (1) which are characterized in that: they are composed of neck (2), shoulder (3), body (4) and bottom (5); the cross-sectional shape at the body (3) is a regular polygon, the number of angles of which is an even number of not less than 4 nor more than 32; each angle of the polygon is rounded off by an arc (8) whose radius is not longer than half the radius of a circle circumscribed about the cross-sectional shape at body (3); cross-sectional shapes have the same shape at any portion of body (3); circles circumscribed about the cross-sectional shapes are identical with one another; the circumscribed circles have a center on the vertical central axis of body (3); and the cross-sectional shape of body (3) rotates around said central axis in proportion to height along said central axis.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for same are described. In the device, a pair of substrates, between which a liquid crystal layer is disposed, is joined with pillars inbetween functioning as spacers which are provided of photocurable resin by photolithography. With this structure, the spacers can be in surface contact with the inside surfaces of the substrates on which electrode arrangement and active devices are formed.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for same are described. In the device, a pair of substrates, between which a liquid crystal layer is disposed, is joined with pillars inbetween functioning as spacers which are provided of photocurable resin by photolithography. With this structure, the spacers can be in surface contact with the inside surfaces of the substrates on which electrode arrangement and active devices are formed.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for same are described. In the device, a pair of substrates, between which a liquid crystal layer is disposed, is joined with pillars inbetween functioning as spacers which are provided of photocurable resin by photolithography. With this structure, the spacers can be in surface contact with the inside surfaces of the substrates on which electrode arrangement and active devices are formed.

Abstract: In a heat exchanger of the present invention for exchanging heat between fluid flowing in a flow passage in a heat exchanger tube and fluid flowing outside of said heat exchanger tube, a solid bar-like insertion member or a hollow bar-like insertion member whose opposite ends are closed is provided in said flow passage in which a fluid having phase change flows in gas-liquid two phase state or liquid phase state, a cross section of said insertion member is formed into a substantially circle shape, a polygonal shape or a starlike shape, and a cross-sectional area of a flow passage in which said fluid flows is reduced as a mass flow rate quality of said fluid is reduced. With this construction, it is possible to restrain the pressure loss at the time of evaporation, and the evaporation ability can be enhanced or can be restrained from being deteriorated.

Abstract: In a heat exchanger of the present invention for exchanging heat between fluid flowing in a flow passage in a heat exchanger tube and fluid flowing outside of said heat exchanger tube, a solid bar-like insertion member or a hollow bar-like insertion member whose opposite ends are closed is provided in said flow passage in which a fluid having phase change flows in gas-liquid two phase state or liquid phase state, a cross section of said insertion member is formed into a substantially circle shape, a polygonal shape or a starlike shape, and a cross-sectional area of a flow passage in which said fluid flows is reduced as a mass flow rate quality of said fluid is reduced. With this construction, it is possible to restrain the pressure loss at the time of evaporation, and the evaporation ability can be enhanced or can be restrained from being deteriorated.

Abstract: A finned heat exchanger includes a plurality of elongated fins which are arranged at a predetermined interval in parallel with one another such that air flows between neighboring ones of the fins in a predetermined direction. A plurality of heat transfer tubes which contain refrigerant passing therethrough are orthogonally inserted through the fins so as to be arranged in a plurality of columns on the fins. When the finned heat exchanger is operated for condensation, the heat transfer tubes are provided in two paths in the vicinity of an inlet for the refrigerant and are provided in one path in the vicinity of an outlet for the refrigerant, such that the heat transfer tubes of the one path occupy about 5 to 30% of all the heat transfer tubes.

Abstract: A system and method for sterile packaging of beverages in plastic containers forms the plastic containers and fills them with sterile beverages in a common sterile environment. The containers are formed from a blow molding process in which the containers reach elevated temperatures sufficient to at least in-part sterilize the interior of the containers, are filled with sterile beverages immediately after the containers are formed in the same sterile environment. This eliminates the need for heavy use of sterilizing fluids for the plastic containers such as hydrogen peroxide or the like.

Abstract: A system and method for sterile packaging of beverages in plastic containers forms the plastic containers and fills them with sterile beverages in a common sterile environment. The containers are formed from a blow molding process in which the containers reach elevated temperatures sufficient to at least inpart sterilize the interior of the containers, are filled with sterile beverages immediately after the containers are formed in the same sterile environment. This eliminates the need for heavy use of sterilizing fluids for the plastic containers such as hydrogen peroxide or the like.

Abstract: A groove configuration, formed on an inside wall of a heat exchanger tube, has a cross-sectional area varying in the longitudinal direction of the heat exchanger tube. An increased rate of the cross-sectional area is differentiated from a decreased rate of the cross-sectional area by changing the height or top width of a protruding portion, or the depth or bottom width of a recessed portion.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for same are described. In the device, a pair of substrates, between which a liquid crystal layer is disposed, is joined with pillars inbetween functioning as spacers which are provided of photocurable resin by photolithography. With this stucture, the spacers can be in surface contact with the inside surfaces of the substrates on which electrode arrangement and active devices are formed.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for same are described. In the device, a pair of substrates, between which a liquid crystal layer is disposed, is joined with pillars inbetween functioning as spacers which are provided of photocurable resin by photolithography. With this structure, the spacers can be in surface contact with the inside surfaces of the substrates on which electrode arrangement and active devices are formed.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for same are described. In the device, a pair of substrates, between which a liquid crystal layer is disposed, is joined with pillars inbetween functioning as spacers which are provided of photocurable resin by photolithography. With this structure, the spacers can be in surface contact with the inside surfaces of :he substrates on which electrode arrangement and active devices are formed.

Abstract: The fin-tube heat exchanger includes a group of fins arranged parallel to one another at predetermined intervals; cylindrical fin collars formed on each fin at a predetermined column pitch and a predetermined row pitch; and heat transfer tubes extending through the respective fin collars and secured thereto in intimate contact therewith. Seat portions are formed on each fin around the fin collars. A curved protuberance of a generally angular cross-section is formed on the fin adjacent to an outer periphery of each of the seat portions, which has a ridge line of an arcuate or circular shape arranged in concentric relation to the associated fin collar. A plurality of straight protuberances of a generally angular cross-section are formed on each fin adjacent to outer peripheries of the respective seat portions between any two adjacent rows of the fin collars. With this structure, heat transfer performance is improved by a turbulence promoting effect of the straight protuberances.

Abstract: Cleaning a device to make a film made from carbon or containing carbon as a main ingredient is carried out by etching the interior of a deposition chamber where the film is formed, with an etching gas in a plasma state selected from the group of hydrogen, oxygen, and a gaseous fluoride, and then cleaning the interior of the deposition chamber with a cleaning gas selected from the group of argon and hydrogen in a plasma state.

Abstract: It is proposed to widen the application of wet etching by making use of excellent masks. In advance of actually etching of the surface to be etched, the surface is coated with a patterned carbon coating as a mask by CVD. The carbon coating has a high degree of hardness comparable to that of diamond and has an excellent resistance to the attack of chemicals.

Abstract: A substrate having a film to be etched is coated with a carbon film. The carbon film is then coated with an organic mask. The mask is then patterned to expose portions of the carbon film. Plasma etching is then utilized to remove portions of the carbon film not covered by the mask, followed by wet etching to form a predetermined pattern in the film on the substrate.

Abstract: A heat exchanger has groups of cutouts provided on tabular fin surfaces, projecting in the direction of arrangement of the fins. Each of the cutouts has two opposed openings in the main direction of air flow as well as two leg portions that not parallel with the main direction of air flow, the cutouts being formed on the tabular fin surfaces alternately on the front and rear sides with a fin base portion placed therebetween. The heat exchanger substantially reduces heat resistance between the air and the fin surfaces and ventilation resistance when the humidity is high, and excels in noise characteristics since the configuration of each cutout provided on the fin surface on the air inlet side of a cross flow fan is changed.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for same are described. In the device, a pair of substrates, between which a liquid crystal layer is disposed, is joined with pillars inbetween functioning as spacers which are provided of photocurable resin by photolithography. With this structure, the spacers can be in surface contact with the inside surfaces of the substrates on which electrode arrangement and active devices are formed.