Abstract: A semiconductor substrate contains a clathrate compound of the following General Formula (I). The semiconductor substrate includes a variable-composition layer which includes a pn junction and where composition of the clathrate compound varies along a thickness direction. A rate of change in y in the thickness direction of at least a portion of the variable-composition layer is 1×10?4/?m or more. AxByC46-y ??(I) In General Formula (I), A represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Na, Sr, and K, B represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, and Al, and C represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, and Sn, x is 7 to 9, and y is 3.5 to 6 or 11 to 17.

Abstract: A semiconductor substrate contains a clathrate compound of the following General Formula (I). The semiconductor substrate includes a variable-composition layer which includes a pn junction and where composition of the clathrate compound varies along a thickness direction. A rate of change in y in the thickness direction of at least a portion of the variable-composition layer is 1×10?4/?m or more. AxByC46-y ??(I) In General Formula (I), A represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Na, Sr, and K, B represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, and Al, and C represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, and Sn, x is 7 to 9, and y is 3.5 to 6 or 11 to 17.

Abstract: A thermoelectric conversion element includes a p-type semiconductor, an n-type semiconductor, and a depletion layer located at a pn junction interface of the p-type semiconductor and the n-type semiconductor. At least one of the p-type semiconductor and the n-type semiconductor is a degenerate semiconductor.

Abstract: Provided are a stainless steel for a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell separator having high durability and a low contact resistance (i.e., high electrical conductivity) and a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell using the same. More specifically, a stainless steel for a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell separator has a composition comprising 0.03% mass % or less of C, 16-45 mass % of Cr, 0.03 mass % or less of N, 0.1-5.0 mass % of Mo, wherein a total of the C content and the N content satisfies 0.03 mass % or less; a balance portion is comprised of Fe and unavoidable impurities; an atomic ratio of Cr/Fe with respect to Al, Cr, and Fe contained in a passive film on a surface of the stainless steel is 1 or greater.

Abstract: A stainless steel sheet with excellent heat and corrosion resistances for a brake disk is provided. Specifically, in mass %, C: less than 0.10%, Si: 1.0% or less, Mn: 1.0 to 2.5%, P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Cr: more than 11.5% but not more than 15.0%, Ni: 0.1 to 1.0%, Al: 0.10% or less, Nb: more than 0.08% but not more than 0.6%, V: 0.02 to 0.3%, and N: more than 0.03% but not more than 0.10% are contained so that 0.03?{C+N?(13/93)Nb}?0.10, (5Cr+10Si+15Mo+30Nb+50V?9Ni?5Mn?3Cu?225N?270C)?45, and {(14/50)V+(14/90)Nb}<N (wherein Cr, Si, Mo, Nb, Ni, Mn, Cu, V, N, and C represent the contents (mass %) of the corresponding elements) are satisfied. With such a composition, the stainless steel sheet for a brake disk can be provided with both excellent heat resistance and excellent corrosion resistance after tempering.

Abstract: A ferritic Cr-contained steel having a reduced thermal expansion coefficient is provided. The ferritic Cr-contained steel contains C of 0.03% or less, Mn of 5.0% or less, Cr of 6 to 40%, N of 0.03% or less, Si of 5% or less, and W of 2.0% to 6.0% in percent by mass, and Fe and inevitable impurities as the remainder, wherein precipitated W is 0.1% or less in percent by mass, and an average thermal expansion coefficient between 20° C. and 800° C. is less than 12.6×10-6/° C.

Abstract: A brake disk excellent in temper softening resistance and toughness comprising, by mass, 0.1% or less of C, 1.0% or less of Si, 2.0% or less of Mn, 10.5% to 15.0% of Cr, and 0.1% or less of N, the remainder being Fe and unavoidable impurities, such that the following inequalities are satisfied: 5Cr+10Si+15Mo+30Nb?9Ni?5Mn?3Cu?225N?270C<45 (1) and 0.03?{C+N?(13/92)Nb}?0.09 (2) wherein Cr, Si, Mo, Nb, Ni, Mn, Cu, N, and C each represent the content of the corresponding elements on a mass percent basis, and having a martensitic structure having prior-austenite grains with an average diameter of 8 to less than 15 ?m.

Abstract: A low Ni and high N austenitic-ferritic stainless steel is disclosed. It includes an austenitic-ferritic stainless steel having high formability and punch stretchability, crevice corrosion resistance, corrosion resistance at welded part, or excellent intergranular corrosion resistance, from a stainless steel structured by mainly austenite phase and ferrite phase, and consisting essentially of 0.2% or less C, 4% or less Si, 12% or less Mn, 0.1% or less P, 0.03% or less S, 15 to 35% Cr, 3% or less Ni, and 0.05 to 0.6% N, by mass, by adjusting the percentage of the austenite phase in a range from 10 to 85%, by volume. Furthermore, it includes an austenitic-ferritic stainless steel having higher formability by adjusting the amount of (C+N) in the austenite phase to a range from 0.16 to 2% by mass.

Abstract: A ferritic stainless steel sheet having excellent corrosion resistance and a method of manufacturing the steel sheet are provided. Specifically, the ferritic stainless steel sheet of the invention contains C of 0.03% or less, Si of 1.0% or less, Mn of 0.5% or less, P of 0.04% or less, S of 0.02% or less, Al of 0.1% or less, Cr of 20.5% to 22.5%, Cu of 0.3% to 0.8%, Ni of 1.0% or less, Ti of 4×(C %+N %) to 0.35%, Nb of less than 0.01%, N of 0.03% or less, and C+N of 0.05% or less, and has the remainder including Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein 240+35×(Cr %?20.5)+280×{Ti %?4×(C %+N %)}?280 is satisfied.

Abstract: A martensitic stainless steel, having high temper softening resistance, for disc brakes is provided. The martensitic stainless steel is not seriously softened by maintaining the steel at more than 600° C. The steel has a hardness of 32 or more or a hardness of 30 or more in HRC after the steel is tempered at 650° C. for one hour or tempered at 670° C. for one hour, respectively. In particular, the martensitic stainless steel for disc brakes contains less than 0.050 mass % carbon, 1.0 mass % or less silicon, 2.0 mass % or less manganese, 0.04 mass % or less phosphorus, 0.010 mass % or less sulfur, 0.2 mass % or less aluminum, more than 11.5 mass % to 15.0 mass % chromium, 0.5 mass % to 2.0 mass % nickel, more than 0.50 mass % to 4.0 mass %. copper, more than 0.08 mass % to 0.6 mass % niobium, and less than 0.09 mass % nitrogen, the remainder being iron and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: A metallic material for a conductive member has good corrosion resistance and low contact resistance. The metallic material has 0.3 ?m or less of mean spacing of local peaks of the surface roughness profile. A proton-exchange membrane fuel cell includes a proton-exchange membrane, an electrode, a gas diffusing layer, and a separator using the metallic material for a conductive member, where the metallic material for a conductive member includes a stainless steel and includes 0.03% or less C, 0.03% or less N, 16 to 45% Cr, 0.1 to 5.0% Mo, 0.03% or less (C+N), by mass, and balance of Fe and inevitable impurities, and where the metallic material for a conductive member has 0.3 ?m or less of mean spacing of local peaks of the surface roughness profile.

Abstract: A martensitic stainless steel for disc brakes, having high temper softening resistance. The martensitic stainless steel is not seriously softened by maintaining the steel at more than 600° C. The martensitic stainless steel contains less than 0.050 mass % carbon, 1.0 mass % or less silicon, 2.0 mass % or less manganese, 0.04 mass % or less phosphorus, 0.010 mass % or less sulfur, 0.2 mass % or less aluminum, more than 11.5 mass % to 15.0 mass % chromium, 0.5 mass % to 2.0 mass % nickel, more than 0.50 mass % to 4.0 mass % copper, more than 0.08 mass % to 0.6 mass % niobium, and less than 0.09 mass % nitrogen, the remainder being iron and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: A method of processing a metallic material includes immersing ferritic stainless steel or austenitic stainless steel in an acid solution containing hydrochloric acid in an amount of two times or more relative to the concentration of nitric acid or an acid solution containing hydrofluoric acid in an amount of one and a half times or more relative to the concentration of nitric acid to adjust surface roughness of the metallic material.

Abstract: A ferritic stainless steel sheet for forming a raw material pipe for bellows pipe is excellent in formability and high-temperature properties (high-temperature salt corrosion resistance and high-temperature fatigue properties). Specifically, the ferritic stainless steel sheet for forming a raw material pipe for bellows pipe contains 0.015% by mass or less of C, 1.0% by mass or less of Si, 1.0% by mass or less of Mn, 0.04% by mass or less of P, 0.010% by mass or less of S, 11% to 19% by mass of Cr, 0.015% by mass or less of N, 0.15% by mass or less of Al, 1.25% to 2.5% by mass of Mo, 0.3% to 0.7% by mass of Nb, 0.0003% to 0.003% by mass of B, and the balance being Fe and incidental impurities. In the ferritic stainless steel sheet for forming a raw material pipe for bellows pipe, preferably, the average crystal grain diameter D of the steel sheet is 35 ?m or less, and alternatively, the surface roughness Ra of the steel sheet is 0.40 ?m or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides a ferritic stainless steel that has excellent strength at high temperature, oxidation resistance at high temperature, and salt corrosion resistance at high temperature and that can be used under high temperatures exceeding 900° C., and a method of producing the same. Specifically, the composition thereof is adjusted, on a % by mass basis, so as to include C: 0.02% or less; Si: 2.0% or less; Mn: 2.0% or less; Cr: from 12.0 to 40.0%; Mo: from 1.0 to 5.0%; W: more than 2.0% and 5.0% or less; wherein the total content of Mo and W: (Mo+W)?4.3%, Nb: from 5 (C+N) to 1.0%, N: 0.02% or less, and Fe and inevitable impurities as residual.

Abstract: A high tensile strength hot-rolled steel sheet having superior strain aging hardenability, which has high formability and stable quality characteristics, and in which satisfactory strength is obtained when the steel sheet is formed into automotive components, thus enabling the reduction in weight of automobile bodies. Specifically, a method for producing a high tensile strength hot-rolled steel sheet having superior strain aging hardenability with a BH of 80 MPa or more, a ?TS of 40 MPa or more, and a tensile strength of 440 MPa or more includes the steps of heating a steel slab to 1,000° C. or more, the steel slab containing, in percent by mass, 0.15% or less of C, 0.45% or less of Si, 3.0% or less of Mn, 0.08% or less of P, 0.02% or less of S, 0.02% or less of Al, 0.0050% to 0.0250% of N, and optionally 0.1% or less in total of at least one of more than 0.02% to 0.1% of Nb and more than 0.02% to 0.1% of V, the ratio N (mass %)/Al (mass %) being 0.

Abstract: A martensitic stainless steel sheet having superior corrosion resistance, toughness at the weld zones, and workability. The composition of the steel sheet is, on a mass basis: less than about 0.02% of carbon; about 1.0% or less of silicon; less than about 1.5% of manganese; about 0.04% or less of phosphorus; about 0.01% or less of sulfur; about 0.1% or less of aluminum; about 1.5% or more and less than about 4.0% of nickel; about 11% or more and less than about 15% of chromium; about 0.5% or more and less than about 2.0% of molybdenum; and less than about 0.02% of nitrogen, the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities, wherein 15.0%?[Cr]+1.5×[Mo]+1.2×[Ni]?20.0%; [C]+[N]<0.030%; [Ni]+0.5×([Mn]+[Mo])+30×[C]>3.0%; and 8.0%?72×[C]+40×[N]+3×[Si]+2×[Mn]+4×[Ni]+[Mo]?18.0%.

Abstract: A brake disk including, by mass, 0.1% or less of C, 1.0% or less of Si, 2.0% or less of Mn, 10.5% to 15.0% of Cr, 2.0% or less of Ni, greater than 0.5% to 4.0% of Cu, 0.02% to 0.3% of Nb, and 0.1% or less of N and further including N, Nb, Cr. Si, Ni, Mn, Mo, and Cu, the remainder being Fe and unavoidable impurities, such that the following inequalities are satisfied: 5Cr+10Si+15Mo+30Nb?9Ni?5Mn?3Cu?225N?270C<45??(1) 0.03?{C+N?(13/93)Nb}?0.09??(2) and having a martensitic structure having prior-austenite grains with an average diameter of 8 ?m or more, a hardness of 32 to 38 HRC, and high temper softening resistance.

Abstract: An inexpensive metallic material for interconnects of solid-oxide fuel cells, a fuel cell using the metallic material, and a method for producing the metallic material having excellent oxidation resistance and spalling resistance of an oxide layer, high electrical conductivity, and a small difference in thermal expansion from an electrolyte. Specifically, 0.20 percent by mass or less of C, 0.02 to 1.0 percent by mass of Si, 2.0 percent by mass or less of Mn, 10 to 40 percent by mass of Cr, 0.03 to 5.0 percent by mass of Mo, 0.1 to 3.0 percent by mass of Nb, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Zr, and Hf in a total of 1.0 percent by mass or less are added so as to satisfy 0.1?Mo/Nb?30, for decreasing the growth rate of the oxide layer and improving the spalling resistance.

Abstract: The soft Cr-containing steel includes, on a % by mass basis, C: from about 0.001% to about 0.020%, Si: more than about 0.10% and less than about 0.50%, Mn: less than about 2.00%, P: less than about 0.060%, S: less than about 0.008%, Cr: from about 12.0% to about 16.0%, Ni: from about 0.05% to about 1.00%, N: less than about 0.020%, Nb: from about 10×(C+N) to about 1.00%, Mo: more than about 0.80% and less than about 3.00%, wherein the contents of alloying elements, represented by Si and Mo, respectively, on a % by mass, satisfy the formula Si?1.2-0.4 Mo, so as to prevent precipitation of the Laves phase and to stably secure an effect of increasing high-temperature strength due to solid solution Mo.