Abstract: A dimeric ionic liquid that enhances and improves the performance and durability of a fuel cell catalyst. The dimeric ionic liquid comprises 1,1-(butane-1, 4-diyl)bis(9-methyl-3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonate. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) employing the dimeric ionic liquid are also disclosed.

Abstract: A protonated dimeric ionic liquid that enhances and improves the performance of a fuel cell catalyst. The protonated dimeric ionic liquid comprises 9?9?-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium) 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonate. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) employing the protonated dimeric ionic liquid are also disclosed.

Abstract: A protonated dimeric ionic liquid that enhances and improves the performance of a fuel cell catalyst. The protonated dimeric ionic liquid comprises 9?9?-(butane-1, 4-diyl)bis(3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium) 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonate (HTBD) Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) employing the protonated dimeric ionic liquid are also disclosed.

Abstract: A dimeric ionic liquid that enhances and improves the performance and durability of a fuel cell catalyst. The dimeric ionic liquid comprises 1,1-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(9-methyl-3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonate (D-[MTBD][C4F9SO3]). Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) employing the dimeric ionic liquid are also disclosed.

Abstract: A secondary ionomer that enhances activity and stability of a cathode catalyst in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell includes the ionic liquid, 1-methyl-2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-ium 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonate ([MTBD][C4F9SO3]). When contacting the catalyst, [MTBD][C4F9SO3] enhances catalyst activity and stability more effectively than previously known ionomers, likely by preventing oxide formation and water adsorption at the catalyst surface. The disclosed secondary ionomer is thus most effective when completely coating the catalyst.

Abstract: A device provides user interfaces for displaying messages in a messaging application. The device receives a plurality of messages from a first participant within a time interval and determines whether the plurality of messages meets message grouping criteria. In accordance with a determination that the plurality of messages does not meet the message grouping criteria, the device displays a plurality of separate bounded message areas representing the plurality of messages. In accordance with a determination that the plurality of messages meets the message grouping criteria, the device displays a single group bounded message area representing the plurality of messages.

Abstract: A secondary ionomer that enhances activity and stability of a cathode catalyst in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell includes the ionic liquid, 1-methyl-2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-ium 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonate ([MTBD][C4F9SO3]). When contacting the catalyst, [MTBD][C4F9SO3] enhances catalyst activity and stability more effectively than previously known ionomers, likely by preventing oxide formation and water adsorption at the catalyst surface. The disclosed secondary ionomer is thus most effective when completely coating the catalyst.

Abstract: A device provides user interfaces for displaying messages in a messaging application. The device receives a plurality of messages from a first participant within a time interval and determines whether the plurality of messages meets message grouping criteria. In accordance with a determination that the plurality of messages does not meet the message grouping criteria, the device displays a plurality of separate bounded message areas representing the plurality of messages. In accordance with a determination that the plurality of messages meets the message grouping criteria, the device displays a single group bounded message area representing the plurality of messages.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the generation of transgenic plants resistant to infections caused by microorganisms restricted to the phloem, and it comprises the induction of the expression of a chimeric or fusion protein, which comprises a phloem protein of Citrus aurantifolia (CsPP16), a linker protein and a protein with antimicrobial activity; for example, with antibacterial activity or antibacterial hydrolytic enzyme. The portion of the fusion protein corresponding to the CsPP16 protein can exert its function of simplasmic movement, which occurs via the plasmodesmata of the plant to reach the phloem sieve tubes, while the antimicrobial portion can act to eliminate the microorganism, which settles in the phloem. The invention allows controlling the disease that causes the citrus yellowing or Huanglongbing (HLB), also applying to the treatment of other diseases caused by bacteria and other microorganisms that settle in the vascular tissue of higher plants.

Abstract: Techniques for professional, career, and academic reporting and scoring are disclosed. In some embodiments, professional, career, and academic reporting and scoring includes collecting information associated with an entity; and generating a professional, career, and academic report and score based on public or private information associated with the entity. In some embodiments, professional, career, and academic scoring further includes outputting the professional, career, and academic report and score. In some embodiments, professional, career, and academic reporting and scoring includes determining professional, career, and academic information that was collected that is associated with the entity.

Abstract: A device provides user interfaces for capturing and sending media, such as audio, video, or images, from within a message application. The device detects a movement of the device and in response, plays or records an audio message. The device detects a movement of the device and in response, sends a recorded audio message. The device removes messages from a conversation based on expiration criteria. The device shares a location with one or more message participants in a conversation.

Abstract: A device provides user interfaces for capturing and sending media, such as audio, video, or images, from within a message application. The device detects a movement of the device and in response, plays or records an audio message. The device detects a movement of the device and in response, sends a recorded audio message. The device removes messages from a conversation based on expiration criteria. The device shares a location with one or more message participants in a conversation.

Abstract: A method and system for administering intracranial electroconvulsive therapy are described. The method includes implanting an electrode at a target site in the brain, the electrode being connected to a controller; configuring the controller to deliver an electrical stimulus sufficient to induce a seizure that starts at the target site and spreads throughout a localized or generalized volume of the brain; and delivering the electrical stimulus through the electrode.

Abstract: Air filter with a sidewall and inverted cone cap sections; a beveled crown unifying the sidewall with the cap to form a one-piece filter; a seat on the bottom of the wall section with seals for contact with a support; and a flange affixed to the cap to adjust contact with a support surface. The filter media includes four-layer oleophilic cotton mesh layers supported between two structural mesh layers, with an efficacious amount of oil to increase particle trapping.

Abstract: Air filter with a sidewall and inverted cone cap sections; a beveled crown unifying the sidewall with the cap to form a one-piece filter; a seat on the bottom of the wall section with seals for contact with a support; and a flange affixed to the cap to adjust contact with a support surface. The filter media includes four-layer oleophilic cotton mesh layers supported between two structural mesh layers, with an efficacious amount of oil to increase particle trapping.

Abstract: In a TV answer back system where many receiver stations communicate with a TV transmitter station by means of rf pulses generated by rf oscillators at the receiver station, the requirement for keeping all oscillators on frequency is achieved without crystal temperature control by automatically controlling the rf oscillator frequency using synchronization signals carried in the video signal received from the TV studio. By this invention it has been possible to control the frequency of multiple megahertz oscillator as accurately as desired from relatively low frequency synchronizing signals such as the vertical and horizontal video sync pulses. Thus an oscillations counter is gated for a very accurate time period by the sync pulses, and the oscillation count is compared with a datum count representing the desired oscillation frequency.

Abstract: Query signals are transmitted by wireless means from the television station to the television set. Response units at receiver locations have a radio frequency transmitter send a response to the station inquiry sent on horizontal lines of the T.V. signal at controlled times identifying each station. This response is a simple r-f beep synchronized with the T.V. signal, in such a way that each set transmitter emits the beep only in its unique time slot. Simplified response units are tuned to the standard intermediate frequency of the T.V. sets and thus need not be wired in and need not have a channel selector.