Abstract: The granulates of active coke produced from pit coal have an inactive abrasion-proof core based on coal or a ceramic material, as well as an envelope based on active coke particles adhering to the core. Various processes for producing said granulates are disclosed. In one embodiment, a ground coal covering is applied to the core before activation; another embodiment provides for the application of a covering based on coke particles already activated. In a third embodiment, on the inactive core based on swollen and burned material there is first provided an intermediary layer based on a material which volatilizes partly during the carbonizing treatment in order to compensate for the expansion differences of the core and of the envelope.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating gases produced from the conversion of coal, e.g., from carbonization of coal, to remove the undesirable constituents thereof is disclosed. The method involves passing the hot raw gases from the coal conversation process over a coke bed at a temperature of more than 1100.degree. K. The coke bed is located in the coal gasification reactor and is provided with an ordinary air supply. The subject method achieves a significant reduction in undesirable constituents in the gas and eliminates the need for auxiliary gas treatment systems, oxygen production systems and the like.

Abstract: Recovering liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons from solid raw materials containing hydrocarbons such as oil shale or coal by treating with a solvent oil at a temperature of 610.degree. K.-690.degree. K. and under pressure in the presence of hydrogen. The oil solvent is introduced into a heated vessel in vapor form. The raw material is introduced into the heated reaction vessel at a temperature below the condensation temperature of the oil to cause the oil vapor to condense at the surface of the raw material. The reaction vessel is heated to cause the raw material leaving the reaction vessel to be at a temperature above the condensation temperature of the oil at the pressure prevailing in the reaction vessel.

Abstract: An infrared heat-image camera is aimed at a hot surface not perpendicular thereto but instead in a direction almost parallel to the surface, presenting to the camera a heat image of the surface not cartesian but instead highly distorted in accordance with the laws of optical perspective. The camera's output data is correspondingly non-cartesian and distorted with respect to organization and content, but the data is applied to a computer which transforms it to cartesian organization and corrects content, and then a corrected cartesian display is generated, simulating the heat image which would be presented to a perpendicularly aimed camera. Alternatively, the camera's scanning mechanisms are programmed to follow a non-cartesian scanning schedule, the geometry of which itself causes the camera output data to have the cartesian organization of a perpendicularly aimed camera.