Abstract: Methods for modulating immune responses are provided. The methods involve contacting an immune cell with an agent that modulates interaction of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen with the immune cell such that production by the immune cell of at least one cytokine that regulates development of a T helper type 1 or T helper type 2 response is modulated. In one embodiment, the agent is a stimulatory form of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. In another embodiment, the agent is an inhibitory form of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. In various embodiments, the immune cell is a human immune cell, a macrophage or a T cell. Pharmaceutical compositions for modulating immune responses are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for modulating immune responses are provided. The methods involve contacting an immune cell with an agent that modulates interaction of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen with the immune cell such that production by the immune cell of at least one cytokine that regulates development of a T helper type 1 or T helper type 2 response is modulated. In one embodiment, the agent is a stimulatory form of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. In another embodiment, the agent is an inhibitory form of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. In various embodiments, the immune cell is a human immune cell, a macrophage or a T cell. Pharmaceutical compositions for modulating immune responses are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for modulating immune responses are provided. The methods involve contacting an immune cell with an agent that modulates interaction of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen with the immune cell such that production by the immune cell of at least one cytokine that regulates development of a T helper type 1 or T helper type 2 response is modulated. In one embodiment, the agent is a stimulatory form of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. In another embodiment, the agent is an inhibitory form of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. In various embodiments, the immune cell is a human immune cell, a macrophage or a T cell. Pharmaceutical compositions for modulating immune responses are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for modulating immune responses are provided. The methods involve contacting an immune cell with an agent that modulates interaction of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen with the immune cell such that production by the immune cell of at least one cytokine that regulates development of a T helper type 1 or T helper type 2 response is modulated. In one embodiment, the agent is a stimulatory form of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. In another embodiment, the agent is an inhibitory form of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. In various embodiments, the immune cell is a human immune cell, a macrophage or a T cell. Pharmaceutical compositions for modulating immune responses are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for modulating immune responses are provided. The methods involve contacting an immune cell with an agent that modulates interaction of a compound comprising a Lewis antigen with the immune cell such that production by the immune cell of at least one cytokine that regulates development of a T helper type 1 or T helper type 2 response is modulated. Stimulatory forms of the agent can comprise multivalent conjugates containing a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa-containing oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. Inhibitory forms of the agent can comprise non-crosslinked forms of a Lewis antigen, such as a Lewisy, Lewisx or Lewisa-containing oligosaccharide, or a derivative thereof. Stimulatory forms of the agent can be used in methods for stimulating a specific immune response to an antigen in vivo. Inhibitory forms of the agent can be used in methods for inhibiting allergic responses in vivo.