Abstract: There are provided measures for controlled terminal-initiated beam management. Such measures exemplarily comprise receiving, from an access network entity, information for selecting candidate beams out of a plurality of beams, receiving, from said access network entity, at least one beam reporting triggering condition, determining, based on said information for selecting candidate beams out of said plurality of beams, that at least one candidate beam fulfils one of said at least one beam reporting triggering condition, and transmitting, to the access network entity, an indication that said at least one candidate beam fulfils said one of said at least one beam reporting triggering condition.

Abstract: Measures are provided for controlled terminal-initiated beam management. Such measures exemplarily comprise receiving, from an access network entity, information for selecting candidate beams from a plurality of beams, receiving, from said access network entity, at least one beam reporting triggering condition, selecting preferred beams from said plurality of beams based on a terminal-side optimization parameter, evaluating whether at least one preferred beam of said preferred beams was to be selected based on said information for selecting candidate beams, determining that at least one preferred beam which was to be selected based on said information for selecting candidate beams fulfills one of said at least one beam reporting triggering condition, and transmitting, towards said access network entity, an indication that said at least one preferred beam which was to be selected based on said information for selecting candidate beams fulfills said one of said at least one beam reporting triggering condition.

Abstract: Described herein in at least one embodiment is a user equipment (UE), caused to: determine a first rank associated with a first beam set scheduled by one or more network nodes configured in a cell serving the UE for communication between the UE and the one or more network nodes, wherein the first beam set comprises one or more beams; report to the one or more network nodes that a second rank higher than the first rank is achievable by a second beam set, wherein the second beam set comprises one or more beams; and receive from the one or more network nodes a switching command to be scheduled on the reported second beam set instead of the first beam set.

Abstract: Certain examples of the present disclosure relate to apparatus caused to receive configuration information for configuring the apparatus to: perform Group-Based Beam Reporting (GBBR) of Layer 1 signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, LI-SINR, measurements, and generate at least one measurement report for the GBBR of the L1-SINR measurements, wherein the at least one measurement report comprises: a first group of L1-SINR measurements for a first group of beams, and at least one indication of whether one or more L1-SINR measurements of the first group of L1-SINR measurements can be used as one or more L1-SINR measurements of a second group of L1-SINR measurements for a second group of beams; generate, based at least in part on the configuration information, the at least one measurement report; and transmit the at least one measurement report.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to: determine a reserved resource for a first transmission and a received signal strength associated with the reserved resource; determine, from a set of candidate resources for a second transmission, a candidate resource, wherein the candidate resource at least partially overlaps in time with the reserved resource, wherein the candidate resource does not overlap in frequency with the reserved resource; determine a relative location, in frequency, of the candidate resource with respect to at least one of: the reserved resource, a first carrier frequency associated with the first transmission, or a second carrier frequency associated with the second transmission; and exclude the candidate resource from the set of candidate resources in response to the received signal strength, associated with the reserved resource, being above a resource exclusion threshold, wherein the resource exclusion threshold is based, at least partially, on the relative location of the candidate resource.

Abstract: The apparatus may collect location information of at least one user device at at least one time instant over a time interval, for each of the at least one user device: obtain an estimate of at least one parameter relating to the collected location information, generate by using the obtained estimate of the at least one parameter, at least one resource allocation parameter set each comprising at least one resource allocation parameter, wherein each of the at least one resource allocation parameter set is associated with corresponding one of the at least one time instant, generate a resource allocation configuration comprising the at least one resource allocation parameter set, and transmit the resource allocation configuration to the at least one user device. Apparatuses, methods, and computer programs are disclosed.

Abstract: Various example embodiments relate to interference management in communication systems. An overlay network may transmit resource allocation messages periodically to an access point. The access point may switch to a distributed interference management mode. in response to detecting a number of consecutively lost resource allocation messages to meet a condition. Apparatuses, methods, and computer programs are disclosed.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a positioning approach. In an aspect, an apparatus obtains identities (IDs) assigned to L terminal devices, wherein the L terminal devices are assigned with K different IDs based on positions of the L terminal devices such that a group of N IDs identify a position range, at least one ID among the K different IDs is assigned to two or more terminal devices among the L terminal devices, and K is less than L; and receives, from N terminal devices among the L terminal devices, N IDs of the N terminal devices, the N IDs and positions of the N terminal devices being for determining a position of a target device, the target device being in the position range identified by the group of the N IDs. The embodiments of the present disclosure can minimize activator power to transmit an activation signal.

Abstract: A spreading sequence is determined (S301) based on a candidate of a control channel of a control resource set, the candidate comprising a sequence of control information. The sequence of control information and the determined spreading sequence are multiplied (S303), thereby obtaining a spread series of control information.

Abstract: In a system, apparatus, method, and non-transitory computer readable medium related to an authentication repetition procedure protocol for ambient internet of things (IoT) devices, an activator node may obtain an authentication configuration associated with at least one device, the authentication configuration including repetition information, the repetition information including at least one of a repetition number parameter and a repetition delay parameter, and transmit at least a first activation signal of a plurality of activation signals to the at least one device based on the repetition information, the first activation signal causing the at least one device to transmit a responsive signal to at least one reader node.

Abstract: An apparatus includes means for receiving, from a base station, an indication of at least one group of downlink reference signals for tracking, by the apparatus, downlink reception time to use for uplink transmissions at the apparatus; means for tracking, for uplink transmissions at the apparatus, at least one downlink reference signal within each of the at least one group of downlink reference signals.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program is described including: generating a channel quality metric offset; summing a channel quality metric and the channel quality metric offset to generate an adjusted channel quality metric of a channel of a mobile communication system; setting a modulation and coding scheme for transmitting data over the channel based, at least in part, on the adjusted channel quality metric; obtaining feedback data relating to the success of data transfer over said channel; compiling a loss/reward function based, at least in part, on said feedback data; and updating a model using the loss/reward function, wherein the model is used in the generation of said channel quality metric offset.

Abstract: Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to attacker detection in ambient IoT. An apparatus receives at least one signal which is at least associated with a trick tag signal transmitted from a terminal device. The apparatus determines a number of attackers of a tag detection session based on the at least one signal. The apparatus transmits, to a network device, attacker information at least comprising the number of attackers. In this way, the NR element is enabled to identify and report jamming activities to the network in time. Therefore, the tag detection integrity can be guaranteed.

Abstract: In a system, apparatus, method, and non-transitory computer readable medium related to an authentication relay procedure for passive Internet of Things (IoT) devices, a network node may be caused to receive a first transmission signal from at least one IoT device in response to a first activation signal transmitted by an activator node, determine an authentication test condition based on the received first transmission signal, and transmit a request to the activator node based on the determined authentication test condition, the request enabling the activator node to transmit a second activation signal generated based on the determined authentication test condition.

Abstract: In a system, apparatus, method, and non-transitory computer readable medium related to a New Radio (NR) scheme for managing eavesdroppers of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, a network node may be caused to determine a jamming signal configuration associated with at least one IoT device, the jamming signal configuration including jamming signal parameters, and transmit a jamming signal based on the jamming signal parameters, the jamming signal being transmitted at a time corresponding to a transmission by the at least one IoT device.

Abstract: According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus for performing the following. The apparatus obtains predicted Doppler spectrum information for a propagation channel between a first terminal device and one of an access node or a second terminal device calculated using a radio-aware digital twin. The predicted Doppler spectrum information includes information on one or more Doppler frequencies of a predicted Doppler spectrum resulting from reflections from one or more terminal devices capable of movement under control of the digital twin. The apparatus causes performing of measurements of one or more reference signals by a device associated with the propagation channel to a form a channel estimate. The apparatus calculates a measured Doppler spectrum based on the channel estimate and filters out the one or more Doppler frequencies from it. The apparatus adjusts a beam refinement interval of the device based on the filtered measured Doppler spectrum.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose devices, methods and apparatuses for uplink transmission. A terminal device measures at least two reference signals from a network device. Moreover, the terminal device transmits, to the network device, a mode indication of uplink transmission for multiple transmission and reception points (m-TRP) based on the measured at least two reference signals. The mode indication indicates information on a preferred one of frequency division multiplexing (FDM) transmission modes. The FDM transmission modes comprise at least a first FDM transmission mode and a second FDM transmission mode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method including identifying a service availability requirement and a survival time requirement for a terminal device, estimating a reliability level of a feedback channel associated with the terminal device based at least partly on a link quality and one or more physical control channel attributes associated with the terminal device, and determining a first target block error rate value for a first operation mode of the terminal device and a second target block error rate value for a second operation mode of the terminal device based at least partly on the service availability requirement, the survival time requirement, and the estimated reliability level of the feedback channel.

Abstract: A method including: determining a respective first amount of resources each with a respective first power and a non-aggressive MCS such that a target value is guaranteed for a BLER of a transmission to a terminal under a channel estimate of a channel and a SINR estimate; and instructing a transmission device to perform the transmission using the non-aggressive MCS on the first amount of the resources each with the first power, wherein the transmission device may perform hypothetically the transmission using an aggressive MCS on a second amount of the resources each with a respective maximum available power such that the target value is guaranteed for the BLER under the assumed conditions; the first amount of the resources is larger than the second amount of the resources, the respective first power is less than the respective maximum available power.

Abstract: A solution for radio jamming detection is disclosed. The solution comprises determining M subcarriers in a time-frequency resource grid to be blanked and outputting the M subcarriers in the time-frequency resource grid to be blanked by performing at least one of the following operations: first determination of a number M of subcarriers in a time-frequency resource grid to be blanked based on probability of detecting a jammer attack or on channel quality of subcarriers in the time-frequency resource grid, second determination of which M subcarriers in the time-frequency resource grid are blanked taking into account the channel quality of subcarriers in the time-frequency resource grid.