Abstract: An apparatus for determining, by electrical tomography, vertical profile of an electrical property of interest of material(s) in a target volume comprises a measurement probe to be positioned at a plurality of different measurement levels in a target volume and comprising a plurality of measurement elements each having an interface surface. Each interface surface has a size, shape, and rotational position. A measurement path is formed between two interface surfaces as dependent on the sizes, shapes, and rotational positions of the two interface surfaces, and the distance between the two interface surfaces. The locations, rotational positions, shapes, and sizes of the interface surfaces are selected to provide at least two different measurement paths differing from each other in one or more of said sizes of, shapes of, rotational positions of, and distances between the associated interface surfaces.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining, by electrical tomography, vertical profile of an electrical property of interest of material(s) in a target volume comprises a measurement probe to be positioned at a plurality of different measurement levels in a target volume and comprising a plurality of measurement elements each having an interface surface. Each interface surface has a size, shape, and rotational position. A measurement path is formed between two interface surfaces as dependent on the sizes, shapes, and rotational positions of the two interface surfaces, and the distance between the two interface surfaces. The locations, rotational positions, shapes, and sizes of the interface surfaces are selected to provide at least two different measurement paths differing from each other in one or more of said sizes of, shapes of, rotational positions of, and distances between the associated interface surfaces.

Abstract: A method for determining the location of an interface of interest in a target domain, between a free volume of a flowable material and a solid material limiting said free volume, the method involves the steps of providing a mathematical model of the target domain determining, for a plurality of pairs of electrode groups, a characteristic electrical quantity proportional to the capacitance of a capacitor formed by a pair of electrode groups; receiving measurements of the characteristic electrical quantity for a plurality of pairs of electrode groups; adjusting the mathematical model by varying the location of the boundary surface in order to take into account possible wear of the boundary surface so as to reduce the differences between the measured characteristic electrical quantities and those defined by the mathematical model; and determining the location of the interface of interest on the basis of the adjusted mathematical model.

Abstract: An arrangement (20) for coupling light into a plate-like light guide (25) having two surfaces (23, 24) on opposite sides of the light guide comprises an in-coupling diffraction grating (21) for diffracting an external light beam (26) incident on said in-coupling diffraction grating into the light guide in a direction enabling the in-coupled light beam to propagate within the light guide via total internal reflections at the light guide surfaces (23, 24). According to the present invention, the arrangement further comprises a deflection member (22) arranged to deflect the beam (27) initially diffracted by the in-coupling diffraction grating (21), before it hits the in-coupling diffraction grating again, out of the path determined by the in-coupling diffraction grating in order to reduce out-coupling of the already in-coupled light through the in-coupling diffraction grating.

Abstract: An arrangement (20) for coupling light into a plate-like light guide (25) having two surfaces (23, 24) on opposite sides of the light guide comprises an in-coupling diffraction grating (21) for diffracting an external light beam (26) incident on said in-coupling diffraction grating into the light guide in a direction enabling the in-coupled light beam to propagate within the light guide via total internal reflections at the light guide surfaces (23, 24). According to the present invention, the arrangement further comprises a deflection member (22) arranged to deflect the beam (27) initially diffracted by the in-coupling diffraction grating (21), before it hits the in-coupling diffraction grating again, out of the path determined by the in-coupling diffraction grating in order to reduce out-coupling of the already in-coupled light through the in-coupling diffraction grating.

Abstract: An arrangement (20) for coupling light into a plate-like guide (25) having two surfaces (23, 24) on opposite sides of the light guide comprises an in-coupling diffraction grating (21) for diffracting an external light beam (26) incident on said in-coupling diffraction grating into the light guide in a direction enabling the in-coupled light beam to propagate within the light guide via total internal reflections at the light guide surfaces (23, 24). According to the present invention, the arrangement further comprises a deflection member (22) arranged to deflect the beam (27) initially diffracted by the in-coupling diffraction grating (21), before it hits the in-coupling diffraction grating again, out of the path determined by the in-coupling diffraction grating in order to reduce out-coupling of the already in-coupled light through the in-coupling diffraction grating.

Abstract: A method for determining the location of an interface of interest in a target domain, between a free volume of a flowable material and a solid material limiting said free volume, the method involves the steps of providing a mathematical model of the target domain determining, for a plurality of pairs of electrode groups, a characteristic electrical quantity proportional to the capacitance of a capacitor formed by a pair of electrode groups; receiving measurements of the characteristic electrical quantity for a plurality of pairs of electrode groups; adjusting the mathematical model by varying the location of the boundary surface in order to take into account possible wear of the boundary surface so as to reduce the differences between the measured characteristic electrical quantities and those defined by the mathematical model; and determining the location of the interface of interest on the basis of the adjusted mathematical model.

Abstract: The specification and drawings present a new apparatus and method for using a three-dimensional (3D) diffractive element (e.g., a 3D diffractive grating) for expanding in one or two dimensions the exit pupil of an optical beam in electronic devices. Various embodiments of the present invention can be applied, but are not limited, to forming images in virtual reality displays, to illuminating of displays (e.g., backlight illumination in liquid crystal displays) or keyboards, etc.

Abstract: A method in a diffractive color system that specifies visual color effects and/or target colors that are formed by mixing together two or more diffractively produced primary colors. The primary colors and the characteristics of the elementary gratings used in producing them are selected in such a manner that they produce the desired exact primary colors particularly in the application-specific lighting and by taking into account, when required, the color of the substrate material and/or other background separately. A diffractive color system implements the method. A diffractive component produces the mixed target color. A product contains one or more diffractive color effects.

Abstract: An optical diffraction grating (10) is produced by providing a mold (50) having a plurality of inclined grooves (58), which have a small clearance angle (?). The mold (50) is covered by a curable material (M1). Said material is subsequently cured, i.e. hardened, and separated from the mold (50) to provide the diffraction grating (10). The inclined orientation of the grooves (58) allows expansion or contraction of the grating during the curing and separation steps such that the probability of mold breakage may be reduced. The inclined orientation of the grooves may also facilitate the separation of the grating (10) from the mold (50).

Abstract: According to the present invention, the method for designing a diffraction grating structure (1), the grating period (d) of the structure comprising at least two grating lines each consisting of a pair of adjacent pillars (2) and grooves (3), comprises the steps of—determining desired diffraction efficiencies ?d of the diffraction orders, and—dimensioning the pillars (2) and grooves (3) so that when calculating for each pillar, on the basis of the effective refractive index neff for the fundamental wave mode propagating along that pillar, the phase shift ? experienced by light propagated through the grating structure, the differences in the calculated phase shifts between adjacent pillars corresponds to the phase profile ?r required by the desired diffraction efficiencies.

Abstract: The specification and drawings present a new apparatus and method for using a three-dimensional (3D) diffractive element (e.g., a 3D diffractive grating) for expanding in one or two dimensions the exit pupil of an optical beam in electronic devices. Various embodiments of the present invention can be applied, but are not limited, to forming images in virtual reality displays, to illuminating of displays (e.g., backlight illumination in liquid crystal displays) or keyboards, etc.

Abstract: An arrangement (20) for coupling light into a plate-like guide (25) having two surfaces (23, 24) on opposite sides of the light guide comprises an in-coupling diffraction grating (21) for diffracting an external light beam (26) incident on said in-coupling diffraction grating into the light guide in a direction enabling the in-coupled light beam to propagate within the light guide via total internal reflections at the light guide surfaces (23, 24). According to the present invention, the arrangement further comprises a deflection member (22) arranged to deflect the beam (27) initially diffracted by the in-coupling diffraction grating (21), before it hits the in-coupling diffraction grating again, out of the path determined by the in-coupling diffraction grating in order to reduce out-coupling of the already in-coupled light through the in-coupling diffraction grating.

Abstract: An optical diffraction grating (10) is produced by providing a mold (50) having a plurality of inclined grooves (58), which have a small clearance angle (?). The mold (50) is covered by a curable material (M1). Said material is subsequently cured, i.e. hardened, and separated from the mold (50) to provide the diffraction grating (10). The inclined orientation of the grooves (58) allows expansion or contraction of the grating during the curing and separation steps such that the probability of mold breakage may be reduced. The inclined orientation of the grooves may also facilitate the separation of the grating (10) from the mold (50).

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electronic thin-film component, an apparatus implementing the method, and an electronic thin-film component manufactured according to the method. A lowermost, galvanically uniform conductive layer of electrically conductive material is first formed on a substantially dielectric substrate, from which lowermost conductive layer conductive areas are galvanically separated from each other to form an electrode pattern. On top of the electrode pattern it is then possible to form one or several upper passive or active layers required in the thin-film component. The separation of the lowermost conductive layer into an electrode pattern takes place by exerting on the lowermost conductive layer a machining operation based on die-cut embossing, i.e.

Abstract: A method in a diffractive color system that specifies visual color effects and/or target colors that are formed by mixing together two or more diffractively produced primary colors. The primary colors and the characteristics of the elementary gratings used in producing them are selected in such a manner that they produce the desired exact primary colors particularly in the application-specific lighting and by taking into account, when required, the color of the substrate material and/or other background separately. A diffractive color system implements the method. A diffractive component produces the mixed target color. A product contains one or more diffractive color effects.

Abstract: A micro-optical grid structure formed on a substrate, a method for producing the grid structure, and a product that includes one or several pattern areas formed by the grid structure. The grid structure is arranged to produce for a viewer a holographic or corresponding visual effect based on the diffraction of light by directing the light diffracted from the grid structure and corresponding to the design wavelength substantially to only a few diffraction orders. Single diffraction order thus corresponds to a certain observing direction of the visual effect observed on said design wavelength. The grid structure is arranged to leave a free range of angles between adjacent observing directions, such that the grid structure being examined from directions corresponding to the range of angles does not produce for the viewer a clearly observable effect based on diffraction, the grid structure is thus substantially transparent.