Abstract: A cable and pulley or guide apparatus for accurately tuning and securing a tunable vibrating membrane on a cylindrical shell by means of a plurality of either fixed-angle pulley or guide assemblies not parallel to the top-bottom axis of the shell, or adjustable-angle pulley or guide assemblies not parallel to the top-bottom axis of the shell, built into or attached to purpose built hoops, attached to hoops with protruding flanges through holes or slots, or attached to a claw or hook apparatus which secures over the edge of annular hoops, through which a cable is laced and fed into the tensioning mechanism(s) to increase or decrease the tension on the cable, thus tensioning the vibrating membrane or heads against the shell, the angles of the pulley or guide assemblies adjustable to conform to the natural angle of the cable traversing the circumference of the shell.

Abstract: A cable and pulley or guide apparatus for accurately tuning and securing a tunable vibrating membrane on a cylindrical shell by means of a plurality of either fixed-angle pulley or guide assemblies not parallel to the top-bottom axis of the shell, or adjustable-angle pulley or guide assemblies not parallel to the top-bottom axis of the shell, built into or attached to purpose built hoops, attached to hoops with protruding flanges through holes or slots, or attached to a claw or hook apparatus which secures over the edge of annular hoops, through which a cable is laced and fed into the tensioning mechanism(s) to increase or decrease the tension on the cable, thus tensioning the vibrating membrane or heads against the shell, the angles of the pulley or guide assemblies adjustable to conform to the natural angle of the cable traversing the circumference of the shell.

Abstract: A cable and pulley or guide apparatus for accurately tuning and securing a tunable vibrating membrane on a cylindrical shell by means of a plurality of either fixed-angle pulley or guide assemblies not parallel to the top-bottom axis of the shell, or adjustable-angle pulley or guide assemblies not parallel to the top-bottom axis of the shell, built into or attached to purpose built hoops, attached to hoops with protruding flanges through holes or slots, or attached to a claw or hook apparatus which secures over the edge of annular hoops, through which a cable is laced and fed into the tensioning mechanism(s) to increase or decrease the tension on the cable, thus tensioning the vibrating membrane or heads against the shell, the angles of the pulley or guide assemblies adjustable to conform to the natural angle of the cable traversing the circumference of the shell.

Abstract: A cable and pulley or guide apparatus for accurately tuning and securing a tunable vibrating membrane on a cylindrical shell by means of a plurality of either fixed-angle pulley or guide assemblies not parallel to the top-bottom axis of the shell, or adjustable-angle pulley or guide assemblies not parallel to the top-bottom axis of the shell, built into or attached to purpose built hoops, attached to hoops with protruding flanges through holes or slots, or attached to a claw or hook apparatus which secures over the edge of annular hoops, through which a cable is laced and fed into the tensioning mechanism(s) to increase or decrease the tension on the cable, thus tensioning the vibrating membrane or heads against the shell, the angles of the pulley or guide assemblies adjustable to conform to the natural angle of the cable traversing the circumference of the shell.

Abstract: A cable and pulley operated membrane tuning system suitable for drums and other musical instruments, as well as other applications requiring tunable membranes. The cable is threaded through pulleys or guides attached the mounting assembly of the membrane, and tightened by means of a tensioning mechanism. The system tensions membrane by varying the tension on the cable. The system may be employed in single-membrane systems or in multiple membrane systems.

Abstract: The invention provides a method by which high moisture low rank coal or other carbonaceous material may be transformed into a high-energy, water resistant product. The raw feed is comminuted then mechanically compacted by a roller press with rolls of a specified profile to mobilize the inherent moisture and collapse most of the interstitial pore space. The mobilized moisture is then removed by low-temperature drying and the material is sized and shaped to form a product that is resistant to re-absorption of water or other liquids. The present invention will promote the use of low rank coal for liquefaction and gasification.

Abstract: The invention provides a method by which high moisture low rank coal or other carbonaceous material may be transformed into a high-energy, water resistant product. The raw feed is comminuted then mechanically compacted by a roller press with rolls of a specified profile to mobilize the inherent moisture and collapse most of the interstitial pore space. The mobilized moisture is then removed by low-temperature drying and the material is sized and shaped to form a product that is resistant to re-absorption of water or other liquids. The present invention will promote the use of low rank coal for liquefaction and gasification.

Abstract: The invention provides a method by which high moisture low rank coal or other carbonaceous material may be transformed into a high-energy, water resistant product. The raw feed is comminuted then mechanically compacted by a roller press with rolls of a specified profile to mobilize the inherent moisture and collapse most of the interstitial pore space. The mobilized moisture is then removed by low-temperature drying and the material is sized and shaped to form a product that is resistant to re-absorption of water or other liquids. The present invention will promote the use of low rank coal for liquefaction and gasification.

Abstract: The invention provides a method by which high moisture low rank coal or other carbonaceous material may be transformed into a high-energy, water resistant product. The raw feed is comminuted then mechanically compacted by a roller press with rolls of a specified profile to mobilize the inherent moisture and collapse most of the interstitial pore space. The mobilized moisture is then removed by low-temperature drying and the material is sized and shaped to form a product that is resistant to re-absorption of water or other liquids. The present invention will promote the use of low rank coal for liquefaction and gasification.