Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring plant leaf gas exchange based on instantaneous mass balance in the sample chamber. The response of leaf net assimilation rate (Anet) to computed leaf internal CO2 concentration (C1) is measured by continuously varying the input CO2 concentration and measuring the continuous difference between chamber input (reference) and output (sample) concentrations to compute a continuous series of Anet values, which can then be plotted against computed Ci. When combined with a similar response test using an empty chamber test to allow for sample chamber mixing and/or gas analyzer match dynamics and/or small flow-related residual time delays, such method provides accurate and rapid A Ci response (RACiR) curves in a much shorter time than conventional methods.

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring plant leaf gas exchange based on instantaneous mass balance in the sample chamber. The response of leaf net assimilation rate (Anet) to computed leaf internal CO2 concentration (Ci) is measured by continuously varying the input CO2 concentration and measuring the continuous difference between chamber input (reference) and output (sample) concentrations to compute a continuous series of Anet values, which can then be plotted against computed Ci. When combined with a similar response test using an empty chamber test to allow for sample chamber mixing and/or gas analyzer match dynamics and/or small flow-related residual time delays, such method provides accurate and rapid A Ci response (RACiR) curves in a much shorter time than conventional methods.

Abstract: The present application relates to a drive and balance mass. In one example, an engine includes, a camshaft, a balance shaft disposed within an interior of the camshaft, and a first gear, intermediate the balance shaft and the camshaft and driving the balance shaft to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to a crankshaft of the engine in a direction opposite of the crankshaft. In another example, a balance mass and drive for an engine includes, a planetary gear set including a sun gear, a ring gear and a plurality of pinions mounted on a carrier, an input coupled to an input gear of the planetary gear set, a balance mass coupled to an output gear of the planetary gear set, the output gear configured to drive the balance mass to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to the crankshaft in a direction opposite of the crankshaft.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for measuring carbon assimilation based on simultaneous or near-simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance of plant. A sample containing chlorophyll, such as a plant leaf, is illuminated with light, e.g., in the form of a single saturating pulse or multiple pulses, and chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance of the chlorophyll sample are measured. A porometer or infra-red gas analyzer is used to measure stomatal conductance and a photodetector is used to measure fluorescence. A carbon assimilation value for the chlorophyll sample is determined using the measured chlorophyll fluorescence and the measured stomatal conductance.

Abstract: The present application relates to a drive and balance mass. In one example, an engine includes, a camshaft, a balance shaft disposed within an interior of the camshaft, and a first gear, intermediate the balance shaft and the camshaft and driving the balance shaft to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to a crankshaft of the engine in a direction opposite of the crankshaft. In another example, a balance mass and drive for an engine includes, a planetary gear set including a sun gear, a ring gear and a plurality of pinions mounted on a carrier, an input coupled to an input gear of the planetary gear set, a balance mass coupled to an output gear of the planetary gear set, the output gear configured to drive the balance mass to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to the crankshaft in a direction opposite of the crankshaft.

Abstract: The present application relates to a drive and balance mass. In one example, an engine includes, a camshaft, a balance shaft disposed within an interior of the camshaft, and a first gear, intermediate the balance shaft and the camshaft and driving the balance shaft to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to a crankshaft of the engine in a direction opposite of the crankshaft. In another example, a balance mass and drive for an engine includes, a planetary gear set including a sun gear, a ring gear and a plurality of pinions mounted on a carrier, an input coupled to an input gear of the planetary gear set, a balance mass coupled to an output gear of the planetary gear set, the output gear configured to drive the balance mass to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to the crankshaft in a direction opposite of the crankshaft.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine crankshaft assembly includes a crankshaft having an output device, such as a flywheel or crankshaft damper, fastened to the crankshaft. An electronic engine control device is positioned between the crankshaft and the output device. The electronic engine control device includes a generally planar base which contacts both the output device and the crankshaft. The planar base is coated with a pressure-responsive friction-promoting material which causes the output device to be torsionally locked with respect to the crankshaft.

Abstract: The present application relates to a drive and balance mass. In one example, an engine includes, a camshaft, a balance shaft disposed within an interior of the camshaft, and a first gear, intermediate the balance shaft and the camshaft and driving the balance shaft to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to a crankshaft of the engine in a direction opposite of the crankshaft. In another example, a balance mass and drive for an engine includes, a planetary gear set including a sun gear, a ring gear and a plurality of pinions mounted on a carrier, an input coupled to an input gear of the planetary gear set, a balance mass coupled to an output gear of the planetary gear set, the output gear configured to drive the balance mass to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to the crankshaft in a direction opposite of the crankshaft.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine crankshaft assembly includes a crankshaft having an output device, such as a flywheel or crankshaft damper, fastened to the crankshaft. An electronic engine control device is positioned between the crankshaft and the output device. The electronic engine control device includes a generally planar base which contacts both the output device and the crankshaft. The planar base is coated with a pressure-responsive friction-promoting material which causes the output device be torsionally locked with respect to the crankshaft.