Abstract: The measurement is carried out by a device of two non- dissociable measurement chains resulting in a continuous measurement which is representative of the total concentration of tars (even as traces) of a hot gas. It involves coupling of methods including one, SPME/GC/MS/PID, which is discontinuous and a priori partial, the other, PID, which is continuous but difficult to interpret alone. It is based on on-line processing of the elements transmitted by each of the measurement methods used. A tar generator (28) allows calibration of the apparatuses and calculation of the different coefficients required.

Abstract: The measurement is carried out by means of two non-dissociable measurement chains resulting in a continuous measurement which is representative of the total concentration of tars (even as traces) of a hot gas. It involves coupling of methods including one, SPME/GC/MS/PID, which is discontinuous and a priori partial, the other, PID, which is continuous but difficult to interpret alone. It is based on on-line processing of the elements transmitted by each of the measurement methods used. A tar generator (28) allows calibration of the apparatuses and calculation of the different coefficients required. Possible application to the analysis of gas from biomass.

Abstract: According to the invention, a first layer of conductive material (11) is submitted to an incomplete etching operation in the presence of a mask (13). After elimination of the mask, a second layer of conductive material is deposited, and the thus-obtained result is submitted to an etching operation without a mask, so allowing the inter-electrode gaps to be reduced.The process provides a very tight electrode configuration, and is particularly suited to charge-coupled devices.