Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of microencapsulated organic compounds, such as pesticides, including insecticides, and methods of making and using the microcapsules. Encapsulating materials include proteins and degradable polymers. These microencapsulated organic compounds provide, for example, increased effective working time of pesticides, resulting in lowered need for reapplication of the pesticides.

Abstract: Lycotoxin-1 peptide mutant peptides which exhibit increased insecticidal activity are produced by substitution of both a proline for the lysine at amino acid position 24 and a tryptophan for the leucine at amino acid position 25 of the wild-type amino acid sequence for lycotoxin-1. Further substitution of amino acids 8, 9 or 10 of the lycotoxin-1 wild-type amino acid sequence, specifically substituting a histidine for the phenylalanine at amino acid position 8, a glutamine for the glycine at amino acid position 10, or a serine for the leucine at amino acid position 9, provides an even greater increase in insecticidal activity. In addition to changes in the lycotoxin-1 amino acid sequence, the addition of an enterokinase K recognition site, DDDK, to the N-terminus of the lycotoxin-1 peptide increases insecticidal activity further still.

Abstract: Carbonarins A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H have been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungus Aspergillus carbonarius. The carbonarius are effective for controlling Coleopteran and Lepidopteran insects. The carbonarins have the structure: ##STR1## wherein: R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxy group; R.sub.2 is a hydrogen atom or a methoxy group; R.sub.3 is a hydrogen atom or a naphthopyrone group; and X is an oxygen atom or an NH group.

Abstract: Carbonarins A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H have been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungus Aspergillus carbonarius. The carbonarins are effective for controlling Coleopteran and Lepidopteran insects. The carbonarins have the structure: ##STR1## wherein: R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxy group; R.sub.2 is a hydrogen atom or a methoxy group; R.sub.3 is a hydrogen atom or a naphthopyrone group; and X is an oxygen atom or an NH group.

Abstract: Shearinines A, B and C, and 21-Isopentenylpaxilline are ascostromatal metabolites of the fungus Eupenicillium shearii. These indole alkaloid compounds are effective for controlling Coleopteran and Lepidopteran insects and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda.

Abstract: A device for use with a funnel drop-type trap for autoinoculation of active agents with insects. The device comprises a collecting chamber, an entrance near the top of the chamber for entry of the insects from the trap and for direction of the insects to the agent positioned on the surface below the entrance. At least one exit for escape of the insects is located on the sidewall of the chamber.

Abstract: Sulpinine C, secopenitrem B and 10-oxo-11,33-dihydropenitrem B indole compounds have been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungi Aspergillus sulphureus. Aflatrem B has been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungi Aspergillus flavus, and 14-hydroxypaspalinine and 14-(N,N-dimethylvalyloxy)paspalinine have been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungi Aspergillus nomius. The indole compounds are effective for controlling Coleopteran and Lepidopteran insects.

Abstract: Diketopiperazine compounds designated N-methylepiamauromine, epiamauromine and cycloechinulin have been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungi Aspergillus ochraceus. The compounds are effective for controlling Coleopteran and Lepidopteran insects.

Abstract: A novel N-methoxy-2-pyridone designated leporin A has been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungus, Aspergillus leporis. Leporin A is characterized by the structural formula ##STR1## and is effective for controlling Lepidopteran insect pests.

Abstract: Sulpinine C, secopenitrem B and 10-oxo-11,33-dihydropenitrem B indole compounds have been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungi Aspergillus sulphureus. Aflatrem B has been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungi Aspergillus flavus, and 14-hydroxypaspalinine and 14-(N,N-dimethylvalyloxy)paspalinine have been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungi Aspergillus nomius. The indole compounds are effective for controlling Coleopteran and Lepidopteran insects.

Abstract: A diketopiperazine compound designated cycloechinulin has been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungi Aspergillus ochraceus. The compound is effective for controlling Coleopteran and Lepidopteran insects.

Abstract: A tetrahydroquinoline alkaloid compound named "aspernomine" has been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungus Aspergillus nomius. Aspernomine has the structure: ##STR1## and is effective for controlling Lepidopteran insects.

Abstract: The attractiveness of the male-produced aggregation pheromones from nitidulid beetles is greatly enhanced by certain organophosphorus insecticides. Combinations of pheromone and insecticide typically attract substantially more beetles than the pheromone alone, and the combinations afford the advantage of both attracting and killing the beetles.

Abstract: Indole compounds named "sulphinine" and "secopenitrem" have been isolated from the sclerotia of from fungi Aspergillus sulphureus. An indole compound named "aflatrem B" has been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungi Aspergillus flavus. The compounds are effective for controlling Coleopteran and Lepidopteran insects.

Abstract: Indole diterpene compounds named "radarin" have been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungus Aspergillus sulphureus. The radarins are effective for controlling Lepidopteran insects, and have the structures: ##STR1## wherein the compound formed when R is a hydroxyl group is designated radarin A and the compound formed when R is a hydrogen atom is designated radarin C; and ##STR2## wherein the compound formed when R is a hydrogen atom is designated radarin D and the compound formed when R is a hydroxyl group is designated radarin B.

Abstract: An insect trap for attracting and capturing flying insects. The apparatus includes a chamber for holding an insect attractant and exposing the same to a current of air, and having a first opening allowing passage of air but not insects therein. Positioned opposite the first opening, at least one funnel-shaped entrance to the chamber allows entry of the insects into the trap, as well as passage of air currents and entrained attractant odors out of the trap. An insect collection container, optionally having a one-way entrance, is also provided, and communicates with the chamber through a second chamber opening and the one-way entrance. Proper orientation of the trap in the wind is achieved by mounting a wind vane or fins onto the exterior of the chamber so as to position the first opening upwind, and the funnel-shaped entrance to the chamber downwind from the first opening.

Abstract: A novel indole diterpene compound named "nominine" has been isolated from the sclerotia of the fungus, Aspergillus nomius. Nominine is characterized by the structural formula ##STR1## and is effective for controlling Lepidopteran and Coleopteran insect pests.

Abstract: A male-produced aggregation pheromone was demonstrated in Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) using a wind-tunnel bioassay. The attractiveness of the pheromone is greatly enhanced by volatiles from a host plant, and combinations of pheromone and food volatiles typically attract 3-10 times more beetles than either source by itself. The pheromone consists of a series of 13-, 14-, and 15-carbon unsaturated hydrocarbons, the most abundant of which is 3,5,7-trimethyl-(E,E,E,E)-2,4,6,8-decatetraene.

Abstract: Male-produced aggregation pheromones were demonstrated in Carpophilus hemipterus (L.), Carpophilus lugubris Murray, and Carpophilus freemani Dobson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) using a wind-tunnel bioassay. The attractiveness of the pheromones is greatly enhanced by volatiles from a host plant, and combinations of pheromone and food volatiles typically attract 3-10 times more beetles than either source by itself. The pheromones consist of a series of 12-, 13-, 14-, and 15-carbon unsaturated hydrocarbons. The most abundant of these in C. hemipterus is (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-decatetraene. In C. lugubris, the most abundant is (2E,4E,6E,8E)-7-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, and in C. freemani, (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-methyl-2,4,6-nonatriene.

Abstract: Tremorgenic mycotoxins produced by fungi in the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Claviceps have been found to have potent insecticidal and growth inhibitory activity against the corn earworm and the fall armyworm. Penitrem A and dihydroxyaflavinine are most effective.