Abstract: An environmental sensor may acquire data related to flux and energy of charged particles in an environment for using the data to determine, in substantially real time, whether the environment is conducive to an anomaly caused by the charged particles. The sensor may include an electrostatic analyzer structurally configured for charged particle detection, the electrostatic analyzer generating controllable electric fields to provide energy filtering of incoming charged particles, where, after filtering, the charged particles impact a charge multiplier to establish a detectable signal. The sensor may further include a plurality of silicon detector telescopes structurally configured to collectively detect electrons having energy within the range of about 100 electronvolts (eV) to about 5 mega-electronvolts (MeV) and to collectively detect protons having energy within the range of about 2 MeV to about 100 MeV.

Abstract: An electrostatic analyzer (ESA) includes a coaxial structure having an outer conductive cylinder, an inner conductive cylinder, and one or more pathways disposed therebetween and extending from a first end to a second end of the coaxial structure. The outer conductive cylinder and the inner conductive cylinder may each be structurally configured to receive a bias voltage for creation of a predetermined electric field therebetween that allows for passage of charged particles with a predetermined energy/charge band along a helical path through the coaxial structure. The ESA may further include an entrance filter on the first end of the coaxial structure that defines a plurality of openings aligned at a predetermined angle thereby limiting one or more fields of view between a pathway through the ESA and the external environment to filter particles, by their trajectory, from entering the pathway for analysis by the ESA.

Abstract: An ultrasonic measuring technique and apparatus are disclosed. The method and apparatus are intended to measure wall thickness of bodies such as internal combustion engine cylinder walls prior to machining thereof. The body is immersed in a coupling fluid. An ultrasonic signal is generated within the cylinder bore and signal reflections from the inner and outer wall surfaces are sensed. High frequency pulses are counted between the occurrence of a pulse and receipt of the first and second reflected pulses. The count is adjusted for differences in the velocity of sound in the different media.