Abstract: Provided are methods for imaging a biospecimen, which involves the use of electrochemical pH modulation in combination with pH-sensitive labels to achieve localized imaging with a high vertical axial resolution.

Abstract: A device to electrochemically sequence DNA that includes a redox species includes at least one edge electrode, at least one stack of insulator material, and a pair of DNA translocation electrodes including a DNA translocation working electrode and a DNA translocation counter electrode, where the thickness of the at least one edge electrode is about 0.5 nanometers, and the thickness of the at least one stack of insulator material is about 10 nanometers. Methods of electrochemically sequencing a strand of DNA are also provided.

Abstract: A sensor and a corresponding method measure the pH of a solution without using an external reference electrode. The pH sensor has at least one functionalized electrode with an attached first redox active molecule and an attached second redox active molecule that are differently sensitive to pH and oxidize/reduce at different voltages, and a difference in peaks of a response of the two molecules to applied electrical parameter is measured and correlated to a particular pH.

Abstract: An apparatus to detect more than one analyte in a solution comprising at least one electrode in contact with the solution, at least two dyes including a first dye and a second dye, and an electrochemically active agent, where the solution has a pH, the electrode is configured to modulate the pH of the solution by oxidizing or reducing the electrochemically active agent, the first dye and the second dye fluoresce at different pH levels, fluorescence of the first dye is used to indicate the presence of a first analyte, and fluorescence of the second dye is used to indicate the presence of a second analyte. Methods of detecting multiple analytes in a solution are also provided.

Abstract: A method for detecting a presence and/or a concentration of a target substance in a reagent solution using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) includes binding the target substance directly or indirectly to an electrode, and binding a detection agent directly or indirectly to the bound target substance. The method further includes modulating a pH of only a portion of the reagent solution in which the bound target substance and the bound detection agent are located using the electrode, the modulated pH of the portion of the reagent solution causing the bound detection agent to undergo a change, and detecting the change in the bound detection agent. The detected change corresponds to the presence of the target substance in the reagent solution and/or the concentration of the target substance in the reagent solution.

Abstract: Provided are methods for imaging a biospecimen, which involves the use of electrochemical pH modulation in combination with pH-sensitive labels to achieve localized imaging with a high vertical axial resolution.

Abstract: A sensor and a corresponding method measure the pH of a solution without using an external reference electrode. The pH sensor has at least one functionalized electrode with an attached first redox active molecule and an attached second redox active molecule that are differently sensitive to pH and oxidize/reduce at different voltages, and a difference in peaks of a response of the two molecules to applied electrical parameter is measured and correlated to a particular pH.

Abstract: A system for selectively carbonizing a polymer coating on a substrate includes a laser, a memory, and a controller. The memory stores data associated with at least one characteristic of a substrate having a coating that includes a polymer material. The controller is operatively connected to the laser, and is configured to control the laser based on the data such that, in an open-air environment, an interaction between the laser and the polymer material carbonizes a portion of the coating, but does not sustain combustion of the polymer material. A method of producing an article with a selectively carbonized coating includes controlling a laser system such that interaction between a laser and a polymer material forming a coating on a substrate carbonizes a portion of the coating, but does not sustain a combustion of the polymer material in an open-air environment.

Abstract: An apparatus to detect more than one analyte in a solution comprising at least one electrode in contact with the solution, at least two dyes including a first dye and a second dye, and an electrochemically active agent, where the solution has a pH, the electrode is configured to modulate the pH of the solution by oxidizing or reducing the electrochemically active agent, the first dye and the second dye fluoresce at different pH levels, fluorescence of the first dye is used to indicate the presence of a first analyte, and fluorescence of the second dye is used to indicate the presence of a second analyte. Methods of detecting multiple analytes in a solution are also provided.

Abstract: A device to electrochemically sequence DNA that includes a redox species includes at least one edge electrode, at least one stack of insulator material, and a pair of DNA translocation electrodes including a DNA translocation working electrode and a DNA translocation counter electrode, where the thickness of the at least one edge electrode is about 0.5 nanometers, and the thickness of the at least one stack of insulator material is about 10 nanometers. Methods of electrochemically sequencing a strand of DNA are also provided.

Abstract: A system for selectively carbonizing a polymer coating on a substrate includes a laser, a memory, and a controller. The memory stores data associated with at least one characteristic of a substrate having a coating that includes a polymer material. The controller is operatively connected to the laser, and is configured to control the laser based on the data such that, in an open-air environment, an interaction between the laser and the polymer material carbonizes a portion of the coating, but does not sustain combustion of the polymer material. A method of producing an article with a selectively carbonized coating includes controlling a laser system such that interaction between a laser and a polymer material forming a coating on a substrate carbonizes a portion of the coating, but does not sustain a combustion of the polymer material in an open-air environment.

Abstract: A method for detecting a presence and/or a concentration of a target substance in a reagent solution using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) includes binding the target substance directly or indirectly to an electrode, and binding a detection agent directly or indirectly to the bound target substance. The method further includes modulating a pH of only a portion of the reagent solution in which the bound target substance and the bound detection agent are located using the electrode, the modulated pH of the portion of the reagent solution causing the bound detection agent to undergo a change, and detecting the change in the bound detection agent. The detected change corresponds to the presence of the target substance in the reagent solution and/or the concentration of the target substance in the reagent solution.

Abstract: A method for detecting a presence and/or a concentration of a target substance in a reagent solution using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) includes binding the target substance directly or indirectly to an electrode, and binding a detection agent directly or indirectly to the bound target substance. The method further includes modulating a pH of only a portion of the reagent solution in which the bound target substance and the bound detection agent are located using the electrode, the modulated pH of the portion of the reagent solution causing the bound detection agent to undergo a change, and detecting the change in the bound detection agent. The detected change corresponds to the presence of the target substance in the reagent solution and/or the concentration of the target substance in the reagent solution.

Abstract: A blow molded plastic container having a circular spout and a liquid guiding neck portion with a curved, generally U-shaped pouring anti-glug ledge. A plurality of vertical reinforcing columns extend between the ledge and top wall of the container to hold the spout in a level position.

Abstract: A blow molded plastic container having a circular spout and a liquid guiding neck portion with a curved, generally U-shaped pouring anti-glug ledge. A plurality of vertical reinforcing columns extend between the ledge and top wall of the container to hold the spout in a level position.