Abstract: The problem addressed by the present invention is that of specifying a process for the electrochemical production of LiOH from Li+-containing water with the aid of an electrochemical cell with LiSICon membrane that can be operated economically on an industrial scale too. In particular, the process should have good energy efficiency and achieve a high membrane lifetime even when the employed feed contains impurities that are harmful to LiSICon materials. The problem is solved by the flow conditions in the anodic compartment of the electrochemical cell being established such that the anolyte flows along the membrane with a certain minimum crossflow velocity.

Abstract: The problem addressed by the invention is that of specifying a process for producing lithium hydroxide that is very energy-efficient. The process should in particular manage without using thermal energy. As a raw material, the process should be able to process Li-containing waters that arise when used lithium-ion batteries are digested. The LiOH produced by the process should be of sufficiently high purity that it can be used directly for the production of new LIBs. The process should achieve a high throughput and have a low space requirement so that it can be combined with existing processes for reprocessing used LIBs or for producing new LIBs to form a closed, continuous production cycle. The process according to the invention is an electrolytic membrane process that is operated using an LiSICon membrane. A particular aspect of the process is that the electrolysis is operated up to the precipitation limit of the lithium hydroxide.

Abstract: A process can be used for the functionalization of graphene material by mixing graphene material with at least one silane. The functionalized graphene material is useful, for example, in thermoplastics.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of cell lysis for forming at least one pore in the cell wall and/or cell membrane of a cell in an aqueous medium for release of at least one intracellular target protein and/or lipid from the cell into the aqueous medium, including subjecting the cell with the intracellular target protein and/or lipid in the aqueous medium to an electrohydraulic comminution; and separating the target protein and/or lipid from the cell. The electrohydraulic comminution is brought about by a pulse current source. The cell in the aqueous medium is subjected to electrical impulse discharges between at least two electrodes of an underwater radio path of a container at a specific operating voltage, impulse energy, and pulse frequency, and at least one pore is formed in the cell wall and/or cell membrane.

Abstract: A process for producing a lithium titanium phosphate based solid electrolyte material is disclosed, the process comprising the steps of: (i) providing a solution comprising a Li source material, a Ti source material, a P source material and optionally a Si source material and/or a source material of a metal M, wherein M is selected from the group of Al, Ga, Ge, In, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Y, the lanthanides or a combination thereof; (ii) generating an aerosol from the solution; (iii) subjecting the generated aerosol to flame pyrolysis to form a particulate precursor material therefrom; and (iv) subjecting the particulate precursor material to field-assisted sintering to form the lithium titanium phosphate based solid electrolyte material. Furthermore, disclosed are a solid electrolyte material obtainable through said production process and articles comprising the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates, in a first aspect, to a dividing wall W suitable for use in an electrolysis cell E. The dividing wall W comprises a frame element R that forms an edge element RR and a separating element RT. The frame element R comprises two opposite parts R1 and R2, with at least two alkali metal cation-conducting solid-state electrolyte ceramics FA and FB disposed therebetween. The separating element RT lies between alkali metal cation-conducting solid-state electrolyte ceramics encompassed by the dividing wall W and separates these from one another. It is a feature of the invention that the two parts R1 and R2 are secured to one another by at least one securing element BR at the edge element RR and at least one securing element BT at the separating element RT.

Abstract: The invention relates to the electrodialytic production of ammonia and sulfuric acid from ammonium-sulfate-rich (waste) waters. An object of said invention was to provide a process for recovering ammonia and sulfuric acid from waters containing ammonium sulfate in high concentrations. The process should be practicable on an industrial scale and have good energy efficiency. This problem is solved by a combination of electrodialysis and water electrolysis. It results in ammonium sulfate being split back into ammonia and sulfuric acid. Unlike conventional three-chamber processes, the process of the invention employs a cell having only two compartments, which can however be multiply parallelized within the stack. This type of scale-up is much more cost-effective than connecting multiple cells in parallel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of cell lysis for forming at least one pore in the cell wall and/or cell membrane of a cell in an aqueous medium for release of at least one intracellular target protein and/or lipid from the cell into the aqueous medium, including subjecting the cell with the intracellular target protein and/or lipid in the aqueous medium to an electrohydraulic comminution; and separating the target protein and/or lipid from the cell. The electrohydraulic comminution is brought about by a pulse current source. The cell in the aqueous medium is subjected to electrical impulse discharges between at least two electrodes of an underwater radio path of a container at a specific operating voltage, impulse energy, and pulse frequency, and at least one pore is formed in the cell wall and/or cell membrane.

Abstract: A method for preparing 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid (HMB) or salts thereof from tertbutanol and carbon monoxide, may include reacting tert-butanol in an aqueous mixture with carbon monoxide under electrolytic conditions. The electrolytic conditions may include applying an electric potential to the aqueous reaction mixture in a range of from 1.5 and 25 V and/or operating electrodes at a current density in a range of from 1 to 10.000 A/m2. The electric potential may be applied to the aqueous mixture using a diamond anode and/or a steel cathode. The reaction may be conducted in the presence of at least one conducting electrolyte.

Abstract: A process can be used for the functionalization of graphene material by mixing graphene material with at least one silane. The functionalized graphene material is useful, for example, in thermoplastics.

Abstract: A process for electrochemical preparation of an alkali metal alkoxide solution is performed in an electrolysis cell having three chambers. The middle chamber is separated from the cathode chamber by a solid-state electrolyte permeable to cations, for example NaSICON, and from the anode chamber by a diffusion barrier, for example a membrane selective for cations or anions.

Abstract: A process for electrochemical preparation of an alkali metal alkoxide solution is performed in an electrolysis cell having three chambers. The middle chamber is separated from the cathode chamber by a solid-state electrolyte permeable to cations, for example NaSICON, and from the anode chamber by a diffusion barrier, for example a membrane selective for cations or anions.

Abstract: A method can produce a thermoelectric component or at least a semifinished version of the thermoelectric component. The method includes: a) providing a substantially planar substrate; b) providing a pulverulent thermoelectrically active material; c) pressing the active material to form green bodies; d) inserting green bodies into through-holes of the substrate; e) arranging the substrate with the green bodies inserted therein between two substantially planar electrodes; f) contacting face ends of the green bodies with the electrodes; g) exposing the green bodies to an electric current flowing between the electrodes; h) exposing the green bodies to a pressure force acting between the electrodes; i) sintering the green bodies to form thermolegs; and k) levelling the substrate and the thermolegs accommodated therein by bringing them closer to the electrodes while maintaining the parallelity thereof.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a process for preparing guanidino acetic acid (GAA) from cyanamide and glycine in alkaline process solution, in which anionic impurities are removed from the process solution by electrodialysis.

Abstract: A process is used for preparing methionine. Specifically, the process includes the hydrolysis of 5-(2-methylmercaptoethyl)hydantoin (methionine hydantoin) in an alkaline process solution. Further, the by-products that include formate and other anions of organic acids containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms are removed by electrodialysis of the process solution.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a process for preparing guanidino acetic acid (GAA) from cyanamide and glycine in alkaline process solution, in which anionic impurities are removed from the process solution by electrodialysis.

Abstract: A process is used for preparing methionine. Specifically, the process includes the hydrolysis of 5-(2-methylmercaptoethyl)hydantoin (methionine hydantoin) in an alkaline process solution. Further, the by-products that include formate and other anions of organic acids containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms are removed by electrodialysis of the process solution.

Abstract: A method can produce a thermoelectric component or at least a semifinished version of the thermoelectric component. The method includes: a) providing a substantially planar substrate; b) providing a pulverulent thermoelectrically active material; c) pressing the active material to form green bodies; d) inserting green bodies into through-holes of the substrate; e) arranging the substrate with the green bodies inserted therein between two substantially planar electrodes; f) contacting face ends of the green bodies with the electrodes; g) exposing the green bodies to an electric current flowing between the electrodes; h) exposing the green bodies to a pressure force acting between the electrodes; i) sintering the green bodies to form thermolegs; and k) levelling the substrate and the thermolegs accommodated therein by bringing them closer to the electrodes while maintaining the parallelity thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid-phase process for producing structured silicon- and/or germanium-containing coatings by the application to a substrate of at least one coating composition, the partial activation of the resulting coating on the coated substrate, and oxidation of non-activated coating on the substrate, to the coats produced by the process and to their use.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a thermoelement for a thermoelectric component, in which method: with the aid of a plasma flame, a diffusion barrier made of nickel is applied to a thermoelectric active material; or, with the aid of a plasma flame, a contact-facilitating layer made of tin is applied to a diffusion barrier made of nickel. The invention also relates to a thermoelectric component comprising thermoelements which are produced correspondingly. The aim of the invention is to further develop the conventional plasma spraying technique such that it can be used to produce thermoelements on an industrial scale. To achieve this aim, nickel particles or tin particles are used, which particles conform to a particular specification with regard to their sphericity.