Abstract: A heat emitting life form detector comprises an elongated rectangular base having two thermal detectors, a controller, an a heads-up display module, an audible alarm module, a power module. The controller, comprising a processor and memory, is connected to the components of the heat emitting life form detector and receive inputs therefrom or provide outputs thereto. The thermal detectors are connected to the controller, enabling them to be provided with electrical power from the power module and to provide electrical signal outputs relating to remote temperature measurements thereto. The processor additionally classifies objects detected by the thermal detectors as life forms or not based on the outputs of the thermal detectors. The combined outputs are provided to the heads-up display for providing a visual representation of any life forms detected. In addition, the audible alarm is sounded whenever life forms are detected in the path of the host vehicle.

Abstract: A detector assembly which is capable of analyzing a material, the detector assembly comprising: an internal reflection element which is formed of a polymer having internally reflecting surfaces and an optical index of refraction greater than that of the material; a base portion disposed substantially adjacent to the internal reflection element; a light source disposed within the base portion wherein it is in communication with the internal reflection element such that the light source is capable of radiating light into the internal reflection element such that it contacts the internally reflecting surfaces; and a light analyzer disposed within the base portion wherein it is in communication with the internal reflection element such that the light analyzer is capable of measuring the absorbance by the material as the light is discharged from the internal reflection element.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing a spectrum includes an elongated source of light, a device for producing a spectrum of the light, a sample stage, and an array of photosensitive elements for detecting the spectrum and providing an output representative of an intensity of the spectrum as a function of wavelength. The sample stage is interposed between the elongated source and the spectrum-producing device. The light propagates along a length of the sample stage from the elongated source to the spectrum-producing device. The elongated source has a length greater than or equal to a length of the array.

Abstract: Multiple internal reflection, MIR, rods or internal reflection elements, IRE, use the principal of frustrated total internal reflection, FTIR, (also known as attenuated total reflection, ATR,) in infrared spectroscopy, spectrometers, and spectrophotometers. The rods have polished ends which may be wedges with parallel apexes intersecting the optical axis of the rod. One wedge is convex and the other concave. The concave may be a cone with the axis of the cone coincident with the optical axis of the rod. The angle of the concave wedge or the apex of the cone is slightly greater than twice the critical angle of incidence of the wavelengths to be used for optical analysis incident on the inner surface of the rod when immersed in a material to be analyzed. The angle of the apex of the convex wedge is slightly less than twice 90.degree. minus the critical angle.

Abstract: Multiple internal reflection, MIR, rods or internal reflection elements, IRE, use the principal of frustrated total internal reflection, FTIR, (also known as attenuated total reflection, ATR,) in infrared spectroscopy, spectrometers, and spectrophotometers. The rods have their ends hollowed out to form a cone or wedge. A light source is located on the axis of a rod at the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the legs of the angle forming the cone or the faces of the wedge. Detectors are located at the intersection of these bisectors or centered on them closer to the hollowed out surfaces. The light source, under certain conditions, and the detectors may be located within the hollowed out portions. An analyzer for carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) content of beverages is disclosed in detail.

Abstract: Multiple internal reflection, MIR, probes or internal reflection elements, IRE, use the principal of frustrated total internal reflection, FTIR, (also known as attenuated total reflection, ATR,) in infrared spectroscopy, spectrometers, and spectrophotometers. The probes have at least three facets at one end thereof in the form of a regular pyramid preferably at an apex angle of 45.degree.. A modulated oscillating light source is located at one focus of a reflecting ellipsoidal optical element; the other focus is located at one of the facets. Detectors are similarly located with respect to each of the other facets at the focus of reflecting ellipsoidal element with other focus located at the associaed facet. One of the detectors is responsive to a reference wavelength of light, the other to a absorption wavelength of the component of the sample being analyzed.

Abstract: The multi-pass, multi-reflection (MIR) cell used for spectrographic analysis, in a spectrophotometer, for example, is a right circular cylinder having flat end plates perpendicular to its axis. The interior of the cylinder is appropriately coated to reflect the radiation employed and small transparent windows are provided on axis at each end plate. Appropriate input and output tubing is provided. The cell is not much longer than it is in diameter and may have a diameter greater than its length, thus it is either drum or disk-shaped in contrast to the long light pipes of the prior art. The cell is preferably illuminated by a cone of radiation, such as that employed in multiple internal reflection instruments, for liquid analysis employing frustrated total internal reflection in circular rod. A spectrophotometer employing the cell is disclosed.