Abstract: Methods are provide for dispensing a product to a user, the product releasably incorporated within a carrier. In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of providing a first user comprising at least one storage vessel for receiving and storing fresh and at least one vessel for receiving and storing spent. The method further includes the steps of: collecting spent from a storage vessel of the first user; detecting a chemical or physical property of the collected spent; and comparing the detected chemical or physical property of the collected spent with a predetermined criteria.

Abstract: Systems and methods for supply and delivery of a product incorporated into a carrier are provided. In one embodiment, the invention comprises a system that comprises a fresh storage vessel for receiving and storing fresh. The system further includes a fresh transferring apparatus communicably linked to the fresh storage vessel for transferring of fresh to a user when the user is connected to the transferring apparatus. The system further includes a spent storage vessel for receiving and storing spent (spent being defined as fresh with at least some product and/or product element removed therefrom), and a spent transferring apparatus communicably linked to the spent storage vessel for transferring spent from a user when the user is connected to the transferring apparatus. Optionally, the system further includes of an intermediate spent storage vessel disposed in the communicable connection between the spent transferring apparatus and the spent storage vessel.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for distributing a product, like hydrogen, contained in a carrier to a user, and for recovering the spent from the user. In one embodiment, the invention is a system for distributing a product releasably incorporated within a carrier, recovering spent, and conveying spent to a rehabilitation facility. In this embodiment, the system comprises a mobile delivery vehicle, the vehicle comprising a first storage vessel for storing fresh and for dispensing fresh using a connected fresh dispensing apparatus and for receiving and storing spent from a spent dispensing apparatus, the storage vessel further including means for separating fresh from spent. The system further includes fresh, spent, and a first user. The first user comprises a fresh storage vessel for receiving, storing, and dispensing fresh, and further comprises a first spent storage vessel for receiving, storing, and dispensing spent.

Abstract: Systems and methods for distributing a product releasably incorporated within a carrier, and for removing the product and returning the carrier for rehabilitation. In one embodiment, the system includes a first supply loop comprising a manufacturing facility for releasably incorporating a product into a first carrier to form fresh. The first loop further includes transportation means for conveying fresh to a first user, the first user including a fresh storage vessel for receiving and storage of fresh. The first user further comprises means for removing product from the carrier to form spent, and a spent storage vessel for receiving, storing, and dispensing of spent. The loop further includes means for returning the spent to a rehabilitation facility of the spent to form fresh wherein a product is contained in a carrier. The carrier may be in any physical state such as for example, solid, liquid, vapor, plasma, or any combination thereof.

Abstract: A system for the bulk supply and delivery of a carbon dioxide product stream to at least one process tool in a plurality of applications at varying pressure, purity or other process parameter within a manufacturing facility and method comprising same is disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the system is comprised of: a carbon dioxide source, a carbon dioxide delivery system containing a low pressure delivery and distribution system, and a plurality of applications containing at least one process tool.

Abstract: A system for the supply and delivery of a high or a ultrahigh purity (UHP) carbon dioxide product stream to at least one process tool within a manufacturing facility and method comprising same is disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the system is comprised of the following sub-systems: a carbon dioxide source, a carbon dioxide delivery system, and the point of use (POU) containing at least one process tool.

Abstract: A process for measuring a total mass of a pressurized fluid flowing through a conduit is provided which includes measuring a first volume, temperature and pressure of the fluid during a first timed interval of a sequence of timed intervals, calculating a first mass during the first timed interval by applying the first temperature and pressure to an equation of state to determine a first density and multiplying the first density by the first volume to determine the first mass, measuring a second volume, temperature and pressure of the fluid during a second timed interval, calculating a second mass during the second timed interval by applying the second temperature and pressure to the equation of state to determine a second density and multiplying the second density by the second volume to determine the second mass, and calculating the total mass of the fluid by summing the first and second masses.