Abstract: A switchable optical element and method for detecting breakage of a substrate (A, B) of at least one switchable optical element (10) having a first substrate (A) and a second substrate (B), the first substrate (A) being coated with a first electrode and the second substrate (B) being coated with a second electrode, and a switchable layer (14), the switchable layer (14) being sandwiched between the first substrate (A) and second substrate (B), the first electrode and second electrode each having at least one contact, by i) measuring a change in a differential signal measured at two contacts of a substrate (A, B), ii) measuring a change in capacitance between the two substrates (A, B), iii) measuring a change in resistance of at least one of the substrates (A, B), iv) measuring a change in current applied to the switchable optical element (10).

Abstract: A switchable optical element and method for detecting breakage of a substrate (A, B) of at least one switchable optical element (10) having a first substrate (A) and a second substrate (B), the first substrate (A) being coated with a first electrode and the second substrate (B) being coated with a second electrode, and a switchable layer (14), the switchable layer (14) being sandwiched between the first substrate (A) and second substrate (B), the first electrode and second electrode each having at least one contact, by i) measuring a change in a differential signal measured at two contacts of a substrate (A, B), ii) measuring a change in capacitance between the two substrates (A, B), iii) measuring a change in resistance of at least one of the substrates (A, B), iv) measuring a change in current applied to the switchable optical element (10).

Abstract: A process of treating a solid material containing lead and elemental sulphur, by feeding the solid material to a furnace containing a bath of molten slag under conditions such that elemental sulphur burns in the furnace to form sulphur dioxide and lead in the solid material is oxidized and reports to the slag, then removing a gas stream containing sulphur dioxide from the furnace, and finally removing a lead-containing slag from the furnace.

Abstract: Various exemplary embodiments relate to an integrated circuit (IC) including: a memory; a radio frequency (RF) interface configured to access the memory; a wired interface connected to a host and configured to access the memory; and an arbitration module configured to prevent concurrent access to the memory by more than one interface. Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method of controlling access in a dual interface tag having a wired interface and a radio frequency (RF) interface operable in an idle state, a wired lock state, and a RF locked state.

Abstract: A process of treating a solid material containing lead and elemental sulphur, by feeding the solid material to a furnace containing a bath of molten slag under conditions such that elemental sulphur burns in the furnace to form sulphur dioxide and lead in the solid material is oxidised and reports to the slag, then removing a gas stream containing sulphur dioxide from the furnace, and finally removing a lead-containing slag from the furnace.

Abstract: A near field communication tag (101), comprises a first tag interface (107) for wireless near field communication with a first device (105), a second tag interface (113) for wired communication with a second device (103), a field detection section (119) for detecting a near field (109) for the wireless near field communication, a pin (121) connectable to the second device (103), wherein an output signal (127) is determined based on a result of the detecting of a near field (109) and the output signal (127) is provided to the pin (121), and an electronic storage (125) storing pin configuration information specifying the output signal.

Abstract: Various exemplary embodiments relate to an integrated circuit including: a RF interface; a wired interface connectable to a host; a volatile memory having a first block and a last block configured to store data transferred between the RF interface and the wired interface; and a memory controller configured to detect when the last block of the volatile memory has been written and to indicate that the volatile memory is ready to read. Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method performed by a tag including: determining that data is to be received on the first interface; blocking the second interface; writing data from the first interface to a volatile memory; detecting that the last block of the volatile memory has been written; unblocking the second interface; indicating that data is available for reading; blocking the first interface; and reading data from the volatile memory to the second interface.

Abstract: Near-field communication (NFC) is effected in a manner that ensures that messages are read. In accordance with one or more embodiments, an apparatus includes a NFC antenna, a NFC tag and a host connected to the NFC tag via both a data communication circuit and a field detection circuit. The NFC tag stores and transmits an NFC data exchange format (NDEF) message via the NFC antenna. The NFC tag includes first and second registers respectively having data indicative of a read status of the NDEF message and data indicative of a last portion/byte of the NDEF message data. When the NDEF message is accessed (e.g., transmitted), the NFC tag sets the data in the first register to indicate that the NDEF message has been read (e.g., sets a bit value). The trigger circuit generates a trigger signal in response to the status, indicating that the NDEF message has been read.

Abstract: A near field communication tag (101), comprises a first tag interface (107) for wireless near field communication with a first device (105), a second tag interface (113) for wired communication with a second device (103), a field detection section (119) for detecting a near field (109) for the wireless near field communication, a pin (121) connectable to the second device (103), wherein an output signal (127) is determined based on a result of the detecting of a near field (109) and the output signal (127) is provided to the pin (121), and an electronic storage (125) storing pin configuration information specifying the output signal.

Abstract: Near-field communication (NFC) is effected in a manner that ensures that messages are read. In accordance with one or more embodiments, an apparatus includes a NFC antenna, a NFC tag and a host connected to the NFC tag via both a data communication circuit and a field detection circuit. The NFC tag stores and transmits an NFC data exchange format (NDEF) message via the NFC antenna. The NFC tag includes first and second registers respectively having data indicative of a read status of the NDEF message and data indicative of a last portion/byte of the NDEF message data. When the NDEF message is accessed (e.g., transmitted), the NFC tag sets the data in the first register to indicate that the NDEF message has been read (e.g., sets a bit value). The trigger circuit generates a trigger signal in response to the status, indicating that the NDEF message has been read.

Abstract: Various exemplary embodiments relate to an integrated circuit including: a RF interface; a wired interface connectable to a host; a volatile memory having a first block and a last block configured to store data transferred between the RF interface and the wired interface; and a memory controller configured to detect when the last block of the volatile memory has been written and to indicate that the volatile memory is ready to read. Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method performed by a tag including: determining that data is to be received on the first interface; blocking the second interface; writing data from the first interface to a volatile memory; detecting that the last block of the volatile memory has been written; unblocking the second interface; indicating that data is available for reading; blocking the first interface; and reading data from the volatile memory to the second interface.

Abstract: Various exemplary embodiments relate to an integrated circuit (IC) including: a memory; a radio frequency (RF) interface configured to access the memory; a wired interface connected to a host and configured to access the memory; and an arbitration module configured to prevent concurrent access to the memory by more than one interface. Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method of controlling access in a dual interface tag having a wired interface and a radio frequency (RF) interface operable in an idle state, a wired lock state, and a RF locked state.