Abstract: A dissipation equilibrium value for a well operation may be determined based on a height of a fracture within a layer and a limit on the change of the height of the fracture (fracture height change limit). A pressure limit for the well operation may be determined based on the dissipation equilibrium value, stress in the layer, and stress in a bounding layer. The pressure limit may be used to control the pressure of the well during the well operation, and prevent growth of the fracture beyond the fracture height change limit.

Abstract: A process system includes a process module, an upstream pipe, a downstream pipe, an inlet pipe with an inlet isolation valve, an outlet pipe with a discharge isolation valve, a bypass with a bypass isolation valve, and a drainage line with a valve. The process module has an inlet, an outlet, and a drainage outlet. The inlet pipe fluidically connects the inlet of the process module to the upstream pipe. The outlet pipe fluidically connects the outlet of the process module to the downstream pipe. The bypass fluidly connects the upstream pipe and the downstream pipe via the bypass isolation valve. The drainage line fluidly connects the drainage outlet of the process module to the downstream pipe via the valve.

Abstract: A dissipation equilibrium value for a well operation may be determined based on a height of a fracture within a layer and a limit on the change of the height of the fracture (fracture height change limit). A pressure limit for the well operation may be determined based on the dissipation equilibrium value, stress in the layer, and stress in a bounding layer. The pressure limit may be used to control the pressure of the well during the well operation, and prevent growth of the fracture beyond the fracture height change limit.

Abstract: A process system includes a process module, an upstream pipe, a downstream pipe, an inlet pipe with an inlet isolation valve, an outlet pipe with a discharge isolation valve, a bypass with a bypass isolation valve, and a drainage line with a valve. The process module has an inlet, an outlet, and a drainage outlet. The inlet pipe fluidically connects the inlet of the process module to the upstream pipe. The outlet pipe fluidically connects the outlet of the process module to the downstream pipe. The bypass fluidly connects the upstream pipe and the downstream pipe via the bypass isolation valve. The drainage line fluidly connects the drainage outlet of the process module to the downstream pipe via the valve.

Abstract: Paired metal force-transmitting machine elements are protected against fretting corrosion under dynamic or oscillating load or stress conditions by a protection layer between pairing surfaces, whereby a direct contact between these pairing or junction surfaces is avoided. The protection layer is a material having a different composition than that of the machine elements. The protection layer is applied between the paired surfaces and to at least one of the paired surfaces. The protection layer has a different crystal structure and a lower hardness than titanium material of which the machine elements are made. The protection layer is galvanically applied and is advantageously of copper, aluminum or silver, whereby the thickness is 5-50 .mu.m. In this way the fretting fatigue durability of machine elements made completely or partially of titanium materials is greatly improved in a simple manner.

Abstract: A wear and tear protection is achieved by a galvanically deposited coating on at least one of two structural components cooperating in a wear zone. The coating is a dispersion layer having a cobalt matrix and chromic oxide (Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3) particles embedded in the cobalt matrix. The protective layer is produced with the aid of an electrolytic dispersion bath in which the chromic oxide particles are dispersed.

Abstract: A wear and tear protection is achieved by a galvanically deposited coating on at least one of two structural components cooperating in a wear zone. The coating is a dispersion layer having a cobalt matrix and chromic oxide (Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3) particles embedded in the cobalt matrix. The protective layer is produced with the aid of an electrolytic dispersion bath in which the chromic oxide particles are dispersed.